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Neutrinos are the most elusive and ubiquitous known building blocks in the Universe. Predicted by Wolfgang Pauli in 1930 and then theoretically elaborated by Enrico Fermi and Ettore Majorana in the following years, they were discovered experimentally in 1956 and since then they have never ceased to surprise us with their, sometimes disconcerting, properties. There are three different types that can transform into each other, devoid of electric charge, very light but with a very small mass, at least a million times lower than that of the electron. Although we know that they have a mass, we still do not know how much they weigh. In nature they are abundantly emitted by the Sun and stars, from the nucleus of the most active galaxies and from our planet they were produced in such abundance in the first moments of the Big Bang to the point of permeating the entire Universe with neutrinos. They are also produced in large numbers by nuclear reactors and particle accelerators, which allow us accurate and controlled studies. The neutrinos emitted by natural sources are unique messengers about the sources themselves and about the physical mechanisms that generate them. This note summarizes the main steps in the history of neutrinos, their most conspicuous properties and above all how much it has been possible to learn about the stars, the Earth, and the Sun thanks to them. Particular attention will be given to the recent results at the Gran Sasso National Laboratories obtained from the Borexino experiment which, by means of neutrinos, completed for the first time in 2020 the study of all nuclear fusion reactions that take place in the Sun, including that, minority but very important, catalyzed by the presence of Carbon, Nitrogen and Oxygen in the Sun's core.

This paper conducts a review of the history of statutory law on the principle of administrative probity and analyzes the most recent opinions of the Comptroller General of the Republic who have spoken on this subject and on conflict of interest and duty of abstention for public officials, emphasizing the constitutional norms that have complemented it. Finally, it checks the most recent jurisprudence, especially the one related to the responsibility of the President and the Ministers of State. ; El presente trabajo realiza una revisión de la historia de la legislación estatutaria sobre el principio de probidad administrativa y analiza los dictámenes más recientes de la Contraloría General de la República que se han pronunciado sobre esta materia y sobre los conflictos de intereses y el deber de abstención de los funcionarios públicos, poniendo énfasis en las normas constitucionales que lo han complementado. Por último, revisa la jurisprudencia más reciente, en especial aquella relacionada con la responsabilidad del Presidente de la República y de los ministros de Estado.

The recent financial crisis has highlighted the need for better valuation models and risk management procedures, better understanding of structured products, and has called into question the actions of many financial institutions. It has become commonplace to blame the inadequacy of credit risk models, claiming that the crisis was due to sophisticated and obscure products being traded, but practitioners have for a long time been aware of the dangers and limitations of credit models. It would seem that a lack of understanding of these models is the root cause of their failures but until now lit.

En el presente trabajo se piensa la importancia del diagnóstico y la escritura política en torno la tríada texto-contexto-autor/a/e desde una perspectiva práctica, desprendida de la experiencia del Taller de Producción de Textos Políticos. Se problematiza cómo influye el contexto y el/la/le autor/a/e en el asesoramiento discursivo para la elaboración de textos acordes y coherentes con el espacio y el lugar que habitan en el territorio digital. ; In this paper, the importance of diagnosis and political writing around the text-context-author triad is considered from a practical perspective, derived from the experience of the Political Texts Production Workshop. How the context and the author influence the discursive advice for the elaboration of texts consistent and coherent with the space and the place they inhabit in the digital territory.

En el presente trabajo se piensa la importancia del diagnóstico y la escritura política en torno la tríada texto-contexto-autor/a/e desde una perspectiva práctica, desprendida de la experiencia del Taller de Producción de Textos Políticos. Se problematiza cómo influye el contexto y el/la/le autor/a/e en el asesoramiento discursivo para la elaboración de textos acordes y coherentes con el espacio y el lugar que habitan en el territorio digital. ; In this paper, the importance of diagnosis and political writing around the text-context-author triad is considered from a practical perspective, derived from the experience of the Political Texts Production Workshop. How the context and the author influence the discursive advice for the elaboration of texts consistent and coherent with the space and the place they inhabit in the digital territory. ; Facultad de Periodismo y Comunicación Social