Suchergebnisse

Статья посвящена понятию международного терроризма, в частности проблеме его нормативного определения. Автор анализирует доктринальные точки зрения на рассматриваемый вопрос, оценивает позиции отдельных государств и международного сообщества в целом на существующие определения понятия, признаки и классификации международного терроризма. Рассматриваются основные международные соглашения по борьбе с терроризмом, принятые в рамках Совета Европы, а также Шанхайская конвенция о борьбе с терроризмом, сепаратизмом и экстремизмом 2001 г. ; A special hazard of international terrorism is that it essentially is an act of indirect aggression, which is masked under independent actions of separate individuals or groups of individuals. A true organizer of a terror act remains beyond the reach of justice. The determinations of terrorism, given in doctrinal sources, present the attempts to give a general definition with the help of general feature extraction of this phenomenon. The difficulty in the matter of international terrorism fact-finding is that it is usually almost impossible to prove the fact that the terrorist act was committed with the connivance, with the assistance or even was organized by the official bodies or state functionaries, as far as the factual terrorist act executors in these cases are separate individuals or groups of individuals who do not officially work on behalf of the state. The problem is also a presence of double standards in the terrorists' action evaluation by the other states and the grating of political asylum, which is testified by the experience of many countries. In 2005 the Convention of the Council of Europe on prevention of terrorism was signed. In Article 1 it is regulated that for the aims of the current Convention ''terrorist crime'' means any of crimes within regulations and determinations in one of the treaties listed in the Appendix. Moreover, Convention-2005 introduces liability for public incitement to terrorist act execution, recruitment, training of terrorists, and stresses that this liability does not depend on the factual crime execution. Both conventions consider extradition of executors of any terrorist acts or other individuals, who assist them, for the aims of trial and punishment, to be the main way in combating international terrorism. Such a procedure may appear to be an efficient means against states' participation in terrorist acts preparation and execution against people and legal entities of another country. One of the decisions considered most successful was the one of Shanghai Convention of 2001 on combating terrorism, separatism and extremism, as far as Article 1 determines ''terrorism'' traditionally, equating to it the crimes from Shanghai Convention treaties enumerated in the Appendix and gives two extra qualifying attributes. The analysis and study of terrorism in all its manifestations, especially after its transformation from a phenomenon, associated with separate countries, into a planetary scale threat, appears to be a complicated problem, in which there are much fewer clear juridical and political determinations than it seems. As a result, the issue of international terrorism notion determination remains a component of a really effective collaboration of the countries in combating this crime. It is unlikely, considering the quickly progressing forms of terrorism, to manage to criminalize all its manifestations, if in addition to the list of similar forms not to make an emphasis on most general criteria of the given international crime.

Изучается эволюция понятия «преступления против человечности» в международно-правовых актах от Устава Нюрнбергского военного трибунала 1945 г. до Статута Международного уголовного суда 1998 г. Проводится краткий экскурс в историю появления первых международных военных трибуналов, рассматривавших дела об ответственности физических лиц за совершение международных преступлений. Называются квалифицирующие признаки состава преступлений против человечности, анализируется вопрос о соотношении данной категории преступлений с преступлениями геноцида. ; The right for war that existed in classic international law and was the means of settlement of international disputes ("jus ad bellum") did not attach the legal effect to the term "crime against humanity". The word combination "crime against humanity", as E. David notes, is used for defining "some heinous violent actions, that are taken on a large scale by people, regardless from their being the representatives of a state, to the prejudice of other people, as a rule, mainly in the political, ideological, racial, national, ethnic and religious goals". The first step in this direction was taken on the 8th of August 1945, when four allied powers the USSR, the US, the UK and France signed the London Agreement for the Prosecution and Punishment of the Main War Criminals of the European Axis, the attachment to which was the Charter of the International Military Tribunal. Article 6 of the Charter defined the categories of the crimes, for the commission of which the Tribunal had a right to try and punish any individuals or groups. Among such were the war crimes, crimes against peace and security and the crimes against humanity. It is the last category (crimes against humanity) that caused most difficulties in the correct classification. According to the interpretation of the Tribunal itself, these actions will be classified as the crimes against humanity only if they were committed due to or with the aim of committing war crimes or crimes against peace and security. Considering the question on the legal regulation of crimes against humanity, one cannot but mention the International Military Tribunal for former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. The Charter of the Tribunal for former Yugoslavia that was accepted by the UN Security Council in 1993 defines crimes against humanity in Article 5 almost repeating the wording of the Code project of crimes against peace and security of the International Law Commission. This category of crimes poorly addresses to armed conflicts. From this point of view there is a more successful wording by the Charter of the International Military Tribunal for Rwanda, which, in contrast to the relevant clauses in the Charter of the International Military Tribunal for former Yugoslavia, does not specify the necessity of an armed conflict presence for responsibility coming. The most detailed wording of the bodies of crimes against humanity is in the International Criminal Court Statute, in Article 7, where all the four criteria were absolutely clearly presented that allow distinguishing between the qualification of crimes against humanity and the common crimes: 1) gravity of a crime, target of a crime life, health of a human and his or her physical immunity on a mass scale; 2) mass character conditional on a great number of victims; 3) agreed plan, which means deliberation in the actions taken and 4) motives.

Статья анализирует право индивида на международную судебную защиту как абсолютное право, не зависящее от норм национального законодательства по данному вопросу. Основное внимание сконцентрировано на анализе международно-правовых норм международных договоров о правах человека и практике Международного Суда Организации Объединенных Наций. ; The author analyzes an individual's right to international judicial defence as the absolute right, not depending on national legislation on this question, and pays special attention to the analysis of the international-legal norms of international human rights treaties and the practice of International Court of Justice of the United Nations.