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Рассматривается проблема репрезентации образа Римской Британии в британских школьных учебниках 1990-2010-х гг. Структура и содержание учебников по истории проанализированы с точки зрения отображения участия древнеримской цивилизации в формирования британской идентичности. В результате отмечено избегание оценочных и сравнительных характеристик и, за единственным исключением, отсутствие рассмотрения римского влияния на современное общество. Римская Британия репрезентируется как не связанный с британской идентичностью эпизод истории. ; The purpose of this article is to identify the place of the Roman Britain image in the constructing of the British national identity at the stage of schooling. The results of the analysis also help to reveal the relation between national and European history in the British historical consciousness, which is important for studying the problems of Great Britain's participation in the European Union. The studies of the impact on national identity through education in general and the history books in particular appeared in the 2000s. This is owing to the deeper understanding of identity as a dynamic system which is influenced by political forces. The majority of these socio-anthropological studies consider the Asian, African or Eastern European precedents. They deal with intensification of nation-building during the postcolonial or post-socialist periods. Currently, however, educational policy in the field of national history of such leading West European countries like France and Germany attracts the interest of researchers. Hitherto British textbooks have not been considered, especially in the area of ancient history. This text fills this gap. British government involvement in determining the content of education is limited to a few frame recommendations. Most textbooks on history follow them. It can be concluded based on the features of the examined textbooks that in the 2000s-2010s most of British publishers did not represent the history of Britain as part of the pan-European history of Roman civilization. Moreover, the textbooks denied any continuity between Roman Britain and subsequent historical periods. British historical and cultural selfness is identified mostly with the Celtic tradition; the Roman conquest is presented as a kind of mishap, a fluctuation which did not have a significant impact and did not leave significant traces, except for roads and fortresses. A distance between Britain and the Mediterranean cultural community is created, each of them presented as an independent and equal cultural area. Also the texts in the textbooks are strictly reviewed to keep correctness of the description of the Romans and the Britons. Any judgments, negative or positive characteristics are absent, which correlates with the goals of the EU cultural policy. Hence, in turn, the tendency explicates to perceive the history of Roman Britain as academic, emotionally neutral. The period of Roman presence in Britain in school education is treated as a transitory historical episode, entertaining as itself, but not making a significant impact on the British national identity.

Рассматривается проблема использования концепции идентичности при анализе жизненных стратегий исторических фигур в свете критики этой концепции, осуществленной Р. Брубейкером. На примере деятельности Сидония Аполлинария, галло-римского аристократа V в. н.э., предпринята попытка раскрыть эпистемиологические возможности концепции идентичности. Сделан вывод, что концепция идентичности обладает объяснительным потенциалом при исследовании жизненных стратегий и интенций исторических персонажей. ; The problem of the use of the identity concept in the studies of historical persons' life strategies is analyzed in the article. The article is based on R. Brubaker's criticism of the identity concept. The structure of the article is determined by an absentee dialogue with R. Brubaker concerning the possibilities of using the identity concept in historical research. The epistemological potential of the identity concept is shown on the example of Sidonius Apollinaris, a Gallo-Roman aristocrat, poet, orator and politician of the fifth c. AD. The article is divided into three thematic sections according to three problematic frames. The main currently existing interpretations of identity are given in the first section; the second section is about the problem of methodological complementarity between the identity concept and the historical source; the third section presents the experience of using the identity concept to understand a man in the past on the example of Sidonius Apollinaris. The meaning of identity is understood as an individual experience of sameness with any social or cultural configuration. The way identity is achieved is both unconscious and reflexive. The range of social and cultural configurations to choose from is preset. Implementation of self-identification may be achieved by the performance of an old configuration or the formation of new ones. The most relevant is the use of the identity concept for the analysis and structuring of author's personal intentions in the ego-source. In this case the author either directly represents his identity or shows it through the structural and lexical features of the text. It is also possible to reveal intentions of historical public text authors by using the concept of identity. We should ask ourselves what goals the author of the text pursued and what audience his work is for. The use of the concept of identity is comparatively more complicated in the way of research of a particular historical character, whose image is described in historical texts only. In this case the basis for a good research is much smaller, and the possibility of interpretative and impressionistic implementations is higher. Another problem point is that the concept of identity is preliminarily implied by the researcher according to his personal views and experience. However, this does not negate the possibility of the analysis according to another perspective, which is inevitably followed by a different intentional sequence modeling. In the methodological sense, all approaches are based on a preliminary assumption and thus are equivalent. The diversity of approaches itself is beneficial for the creation of knowledge. Despite R. Brubaker's criticism the identity concept (strictly and correctly defined) has an undoubted explanatory potential in the study of historical persons' life strategies and intentions. Individual decisions and actions, as reflected in historical sources, can be interpreted as a complete and consistent sequence based on the desire to establish an identity with referential values.

Актуальность работы обусловлена необходимостью пересмотра существующих в исторической науке трактовок мотиваций варваров в отношениях с римским обществом и государством в свете современных концепций социологии, социальной и исторической антропологии. Цель работы: реконструкция предпосылок, повлиявших на решение короля готов Алариха о взятии Рима в 410 г., в контексте взаимодействия Римской империи и варварских народов методом историко-антропологической интерпретации и компаративного анализа историографии дискуссионных проблемных точек. Методы исследования: общенаучные методы анализа, синтеза и историзма, исторический нарратив, историко-генетический и историко-типологический методы, компаративный анализ источников и историографии, критика исторического источника. Результаты. Реконструированы обстоятельства, повлиявшие на решение предводителя готов Алариха о взятии и разорении Рима в 410 г. Определены две группы таких обстоятельств, условно обозначенные как внутренние и внешние по отношению к личности Алариха. К числу первых относятся личностные интенции и приоритеты: 1) стремление Алариха сохранить статус лидера и короля варварского войска, для чего требовались воинские успехи и распределение предметов престижного потребления; 2) стремление Алариха интегрироваться в систему римской воинской иерархии и администрации, получив официальный пост командующего войсками диоцеза или всей Западной империи в целом; 3) индивидуальная стратегия воздействия на правительство империи и местную аристократию через сочетание переговоров и военного шантажа. К числу вторых относятся не зависящие от Алариха и не контролируемые им факторы и условия: 1) предубеждение со стороны императора Гонория, подозревавшего Алариха в стремлении к узурпации, 2) распространение антиварварских настроений в романском обществе, периодически подогреваемых сознательной риторикой придворных фракций, 3) необходимость обеспечить войско продовольствием. ; The relevance of the discussed issue is caused by the need to reiterate Roman-Barbarian relations' current interpretation. The nowadays conceptions of sociology, social and historical anthropology give us the opportunity for the profound understanding of ideal and material cultural impacts in the frame of the late Roman Empire. The main aim of the study is to reconstruct the causes of Alaric's decision to plunder Rome in 410 AD in the context of intercultural Roman-Barbarian interactions by means of historical and anthropological interpretation and historiographical comparative analysis. The methods used in the study: general science methods of analysis, synthesis and historicism, method of historical narrative, historical genetic method, historical typological method, historical source criticism, comparative historiographical analysis. The results. The author found out the causes of Alaric's decision to plunder Rome in 410 AD. There are two groups of the causes in relation to Alaric's person. The first group consists of the personal aims and priorities: 1) the intention of Alaric to keep leader's status among the Barbarians and to provide military luck and loot for that purpose, 2) the opposite but akin intention of Alaric to enter in Roman military system by the assignment to the office of magister militum, 3) Alaric's personal strategy of pressing on the Roman imperial and local officials by the combination of treaties and blackmails. The second group consists of the factors unrelated to Alaric's person: 1) the bias of the emperor Honorius, who had rejected any proposals of treaty between the Empire and Alaric, 2) the widespread antibarbarian common opinion by the Empire's citizens put Alaric in an outcast's position; 3) Alaric had had to find a foodstuff for the army.

Рассмотрены события 400-402 гг. в Римской империи, связанные с именем предводителя готских воинских формирований Алариха. Данные источников и основные позиции исследователей, касающиеся данного периода, проанализированы с точки зрения взаимодействия римского и варварского социумов, поиска своего места варварами в империи. Столкновение интересов различных политических фракций римской элиты затрудняло адаптацию варваров в имперскую структуру на социальном и ментальном уровне, поскольку делало для них официальный идеологический и логистический дискурс непредсказуемо изменчивым и непоследовательным. Аларих попытался действовать параллельно в римском и варварском дискурсивном пространстве, манипулируя ими в собственных интересах. Однако в полной мере реализовать эту стратегию ему не удалось. Это объясняет противоречивость тренда интеграции варваров в имперскую структуру. ; The paper considers the events of 400-402 in Roman Empire related to the name of the leader of Gothic military formations of Alaric. The data of the sources and the main view points of the researchers of this period were analyzed in terms of interaction of Rome and barbarian communities, the search for barbarian proper place in the empire. Conflict of interests of different political fractions of Roman elite made it difficult for barbarian to adapt in to empire structure on social and mental level; this conflict made the official ideological and logistic discourse unpredictably uncertain and inconsistent. Alaric tried to act parallel in Roman and barbarian discursive space manipulating them in his interest. However he did not succeed in implementing the strategy. This fact explains inconsistency of barbarian integration into empire structure.