Suchergebnisse

В статье на основании документов российских и украинских государственных архивов рассматривается политическая активность «левой» университетской профессуры в России в конце XIX – начале XX вв. Обобщается большой фактический материал, на основании которого автор предлагает оригинальную классификацию форм политической активности университетской профессуры. Особое внимание уделяется отношению профессуры к студенческому движению, ее участию в издательской и просветительской работе. С другой стороны, раскрывается скоординированная деятельность Министерства народного просвещения и Департамента полиции Министерства внутренних дел по организации контроля за политическими настроениями профессуры и увольнению наиболее политически активных профессоров. Делается вывод, что разнообразная политическая активность профессуры российских университетов в конечном итоге привела многих профессоров в реальную политику в годы Русской революция 1905–1907 гг. ; The article investigates the political activity of the "left" university professors in Russia in the late 19th – early 20th centuries with reference to documents from Russian and Ukrainian archives. On the basis of numerous data the author offers an original classification of political activities the university professors were engaged in. A special emphasis is put on the professors' attitude toward the student movement, their involvement in publishing activity, advocacy and raising public awareness. Moreover, the author reveals and examines the coordinated efforts of the Ministry of National Education and the Police Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in exercising control over the political mood in the academe laying off the most politically engaged professors. It is concluded that Russian university professors' political activities led many of them to real politics during the Russian revolution of 1905–1907.

Рассматривается участие профессоров и приват-доцентов российских университетов в деятельности Государственной думы I-IV созывов в 1906-1917 гг. Оценена численность этой группы в нижней палате первого российского парламента, дана классификация по признаку принадлежности к партиям и фракциям, по профессиональному признаку. Делается вывод, что депутаты, вышедшие из университетской среды, придерживались преимущественно центристских позиций и, несмотря на малочисленность, играли заметную роль в представительном органе России в начале XX в. ; The article is devoted to the problem of participation of professors and privat-docents of the russian universities in the State Dumas of I-IV convocation in 1906-1917. The author estimated the number of the group in the lower house of Russia's first parliament, classified on the basis of party affiliation and fractions on a professional basis. In four convocations State Dumas worked 24 deputies involved professionally with Russian universities. 5 of them were deputies of the two legislatures. The party composition of the university group in the Duma changed from time to time, but retained the championship for the Cadets (16 deputies). 4 "college" deputies were Octobrists, 3 were in the right-wing faction, 1 in the Polish club. 9 members were lawyers, 5 -historians, 4 doctorrs, 2 economists, 1 mathematician, 1 agronomist, 1 theologian, 1 philologist. Deputies can be assigned as belonging to universities. 6 deputies were from the University of Moscow, 5 from the University of Kazan, 4 from St. Petersburg University, 3 University of St. Vladimir (Kiev), 2 from the Novorossiysk University (Odessa) and the University of Kharkov, and 1 of Tomsk University and the University of Warsaw. In the deputy corps weren't represented only by professors and teachers of Tartu and the youngest of the Saratov University. Activity in the State Duma deputies who came out of the university environment, mainly focused on educational issues, but often they turn to the broader issues. The deputies who came out of the university environment, held mainly centrist positions. Despite their small numbers, they have played a prominent role in the representative body of Russia at the beginning of XX century.

Рассматривается вопрос участия университетов Российской империи в процессах модернизации страны на рубеже XIX-XX вв. Центральным понятием указанного периода было качественное обновление России через оформление основ капиталистического порядка в экономике и преобразование политической системы в направлении отхода от самодержавия. Университеты участвовали в модернизационных процессах через профессиональную деятельность профессоров и преподавателей, а также посредством общественно-политической активности как преподавательского корпуса, так и студенчества. ; In modern Russian society the discussion on modernization of Russia and ways of its realization has developed. It is obvious that science and the education system can become the locomotive of the modernization process. It makes us refer to the experience of functioning of the domestic higher school, in particular universities. The article is devoted to the question of participation of universities of the Russian Empire in the processes of modernization of the country at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. Qualitative changes of Russia through the registration of bases of the capitalist order in economy and transformation of the political system were the central concept of the specified period. Universities participated in modernization processes through professional work of professors and teachers, and also by means of political activity of teachers and students. The purpose of the article is to draw a wide panorama of university life of Russia in the conditions of modernization changes of the turn of the 19th-20th centuries; to show the role and place of universities in these processes; to staticize the problem of participation of current Russian universities in the course of present-day Russia modernization. By considering the university professors' history in modernization context, two aspects attract attention, which, at first sight, are not connected with each other, science and policy. On the one hand, professors and teachers provided progress in various spheres of knowledge by carrying out scientific researches. On the other hand, the university public, as the carrier of mainly democratic views, took part in modernization of the political system in the Russian Empire in the beginning of the 20th century. Two lines of participation of the university professorate in modernization processes in Russia scientific and political quite often coincided. The largest university scientists were in ideological opposition. The Russian students on the boundary of the 19th-20th cc. turned into an appreciable political force. At the beginning of the 20th century universities were shaken by numer ous students' actions. Students at times were radical, but by their activity they pushed the authorities to political changes. Thus, students' movement can also be considered as modernization factor. If modern universities want to be one of modernization motors, they should become not only the supplier of educational services, but also a place of formation and distribution of new society and experts.

Рассматривается вопрос политического надзора над представителями университетской профессорскопреподавательской корпорации России на рубеже XIX-XX вв. В рассматриваемый период политический надзор осуществлялся Отдельным корпусом жандармов и охранными отделениями, однако профессура контролировалась и по ведомству Министерства народного просвещения. Основным методом контроля выступал негласный надзор, которому подвергалось значительное число «неблагонадежных» профессоров и приват-доцентов. ; The article is devoted to the problem of political surveillance under professors corporation at the Russian universities on boundary XIX-XX centuries. During the period under political supervision was carried out a separate body of gendarmes and security department, but the professors and monitored by the Office of the Ministry of Education. The main method of control advocated secret surveillance, who run a number of "unreliable" professors and a lecturer. Despite the fact that police surveillance, obtained through covert surveillance, and sometimes did not look too convincing, the authorities will probably not greatly mistaken about the political beliefs appreciable part of the university teaching of the corporation. Indeed, during the period under review, most of all professors and teachers began to be skeptical of the existing political regime and sympathetic to the idea of change. Political police and ministerial heads, locking in countless reports and report these feelings, is not ready to go on "decisive action": even convicted of uttering "anti-government speeches and contacts with revolutionaries professors and university lecturers are usually kept university service. This does not mean that the government was not removed from the high school pro-opposition of its representatives have taken place, and such examples. For political reasons were dismissed professor at Moscow University, M.M. Kovalevsky, in 1887, professor of Tomsk State University, M.A. Reisner in 1903, professor of Kazan University, N.N. Firsov in 1914, but called the government's policy towards disloyal to the authorities minded teachers rigidly repressive also impossible. A certain softness and a waiting police tactics can be explained, perhaps, the reluctance to disturb an already troubled high school in the first place the students, which is very difficult (and not always) turned out to keep from participating in the political process on the opposite side with respect to power.

Рассматривается проблема взаимоотношений профессуры и студенчества в российских университетах на рубеже XIX-XX вв. Преимущественно на основе архивного материала выделяются различные формы внеучебных контактов: благотворительная деятельность профессуры в отношении студентов, деятельность профессорского дисциплинарного суда, отношения между профессорами и студентами в условиях «студенческих беспорядков» и др. ; The article is devoted to the problem of mutual relations of professorate and students at the Russian universities on boundary XIX-XX centuries. On the basis of an archival material mainly various forms of nonlearning contacts are allocated: charities of professorate concerning students, activity of professorial disciplinary court, relations between professors and students in the conditions of «student's disorders» etc. It is concluded that in the period under review the relationship between professors and students became more sophisticated. Paternalistic model of relations between Professors and students, well-established in the XVIII XIX-first century., has evolved. Natural for all ages intergenerational conflict imposed on the seething social life of early twentieth century. The government for its part, trying to university life in the "normal", acted very inefficient, continued to hold predominantly a protective policy. New times require new solutions, which in Russia will be searched only in the context of revolutionary change.

Рассматриваются связи науки и практической медицины Томска в годы Вели- кой Отечественной войны на материалах архивных документов, периодической печати. Подчеркивается значение Томского комитета ученых для координации сотрудничества ученых вузов и НИИ в деле замены импортных лекарственных препаратов отечественными, созданными на базе местного лекарственного сырья, борьбы с эпидемиями, усовершенствования диагностики, хирургических и тера- певтических методов лечения. В статье отражен вклад, внесенный сотрудниками томских и эвакуированных вузов и НИИ в спасение жизней и здоровья больных и раненых воинов в госпиталях. ; This article explores the links between science and practical medicine Tomsk during the Great Patriotic War on materials of archival documents, periodicals. There emphasizes the importance of the Tomsk committee of scientists to coordinate cooperation between scientists of universities and research institutes in the replacement of imported medicines by domestic ones, created on the basis of local medicinal raw materials, control of epidemics, improve diagnostic, surgical and therapeutic treatments. The article reflects the contribution made by the staff and evacuees Tomsk universities and research institutes in saving lives and health of the sick and wounded soldiers in military hospitals.

Рассматриваются взаимоотношения профессора Императорского Томского университета В.В. Сапожникова и известного отечественного географа, биолога, общественного деятеля Г.Н. Потанина. Анализируются общественно значимые онтакты двух видных деятелей Сибири начала XX в. Г.Н. Потанина и В.В. Сапожникова связывали научные интересы, общественная работа, политическая деятельность. ; The article is devoted to the problem of socially significant contacts between the two outstanding figures in Siberia early XX century Professor of Imperial Tomsk University V.V. Sapozhnikov and famous domestic geography, biology, social activist G.N. Potanin. They were tied scientific interests, social work, political activities. In 1863-1864, Potanin participated in the expedition of the Russian Geographical Society on the lake Zaisan and the ridge Tarbagatai. In 1876-1877 and 1879-1880 years he made an expedition to the north-western Mongolia and Tuva, in 1884-1886 and 1892-1893 years In northern China, eastern Tibet, central Mongolia, and in 1899 on the Great Hinggan. Geography expeditions Sapozhnikov was similar. As a tireless traveler, he is in 1895-1923 years made more than 20 expeditions to the Altai, in Sayan, Seven Rivers, western Mongolia, for Zaisan, in Turkish Armenia. He first came to the saddle of the main peak of the Altai Belugas, determine the height of the mountain and other peaks. He discovered a number of new large glaciers in the Chu and proteins in the mountains Ukok. He gathered a considerable collection of flora and fauna. If as travelers Potanin and Sapozhnikov divorced in time and related to both the predecessor and successor, in the framework of community activities two tomich worked in direct contact. At the beginning of the century Potanin and Sapozhnikov represents that part of the Siberian Society, which initiated the development of education in the Asian part of Russian Empire. Both scientists took an active part in the «projects», like attempt to organize the Tomsk Department of the Russian Geographic Society, the creation of the Siberian higher women's courses, the institution of the University of Irkutsk. Another field in which Potanin and Sapozhnikov had come into contact, was politics. In the fall of imperial authority and the Civil War, two scientists as prominent and well known public figures were to participate in the anti-Bolshevik governments.

В статье представлена программа изучения корпоративной идентичности отечественных вузовских преподавателей конца XIX начала XXI в. Исследование призвано уточнить способы формирования, поддержания и эволюцию форм проявления корпоративной идентичности представителей отечественного преподавательского сообщества. ; University faculty is a special social category of Russian society. Despite being a relatively sparse group, even from the XIX century, it played a significant part in the life of the country and often was a marker of the social and political processes occurring in Russia. Studying the evolution of teaching staffs corporate identity is critical as application of research approaches offered by this theory provides answers to the questions concerning academic professors' self-identification, university corporate culture formation,university professor's behavioral patterns in different circumstances. The project proposes the research into : the characteristics of Russian (Soviet) university professor's corporate identity formation in pre-revoluionary, Soviet and postSoviet periods; the forms of identity manifestation in different periods; the crises of academic teaching community representatives' corporate identity; the transformation of corporate identity at the end of eras: after the years1917 and 1991; 'levels of identity': the correlation between a person and an institution (university professors), specialists (physicists, doctors), and the whole community (teaching staff). One can mention the diversity of research works dedicated to corporate identity, but they mostly focus on the contemporary state of the issue and are created within social studies, pedagogical and psychological approaches. The novelty of the proposed project research is in the examination of the issue of academic teaching staff's corporate identity in historic retrospective with the use of cutting edge research methods. The research into Russian university professors' corporate identity lies at the confluence of anthropology, social studies, psychology, pedagogy; it is interdisciplinary in its nature. The 'social' approach, the biographical and prosopographical methods, the method of free self-description will be applied. The analysis of the professor's identity in the Soviet (from the 1960th till the 1970th) and post-Soviet periods stipulates the application of social studies methods: surveys and in-depth interviews with living representatives of the Russian university teaching community. The research will be based on the published (laws and regulations by Ministry of Public Instruction, People's Commissariat of Education, Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian/ Soviet government) and unpublished sources (archive recordings including documents of universities), periodical press materials, sources of personal origin (diaries, letters, memoirs). The accomplishment of the goals set will allow reconstruct the peculiarities of Russian (Soviet) university professor's corporate identity formation in pre-revolutionary, Soviet and postSoviet periods, the forms of identity manifestation in different periods, the mechanisms of crisis management for academic teaching community representatives' corporate identity, identity levels.