Suchergebnisse

В статье рассматриваются социокультурные основания фашизма с культурно-философской точки зрения и с точки зрения социально-организационных связей и взаимодействий. Основанием данной методологической парадигмы являются причины философско-антропологического характера. В целях противостояния терроризму и этнической агрессии предлагается качественно-количественное совершенствование военно-политической и идеологической теории с учетом процессов глобализации и обостряющихся в данном аспекте проблем этнической самоидентификации. ; The article deals with the sociocultural foundation of fascism from the cultural and philosophical perspective and in the context of social and organizational relations and interactions. The basis of this methodological paradigm is the reasons of philosophical and anthropological character. In order to control terrorism and ethnic aggression the author proposes qualitative and quantitative improvement of the military, political and ideological theory taking into account globalization processes and escalating challenges of ethnic identity.

В современных условиях усиливается противоречие между возрастающими требованиями к военно-профессиональной подготовке курсантов, характеру проектирования и осуществления процесса обучения в высших военно-учебных заведениях и ограниченными технологическими возможностями учебного процесса вуза по их реализации. Проведенное исследование показывает, что существующий опыт технологического обеспечения процесса обучения в военных вузах по ряду объективных и субъективных причин становится недостаточным. Предполагается, что разрешение выявленного противоречия возможно на основе оптимизации технологических подходов к обучению курсантов, в рамках которой достигается целенаправленное, поэтапное наращивание ресурсов саморазвития обучающихся. В исследовании обосновано авторское понимание сущности процесса оптимизации технологических подходов к обучению курсантов высших военно-учебных заведений, раскрыты содержание и структура процесса оптимизации технологических подходов к обучению курсантов. Определена концептуальная основа оптимизации технологических подходов к обучению курсантов. Выявлены и раскрыты качественные уровни развития теории и практики обучения и собственно развития курсантов на протяжении пятилетнего курса обучения. Сформулировано понятие об оптимальности применения технологических подходов к обучению курсантов. Полученные результаты позволяют теоретически обосновать повышение эффективности процесса обучения курсантов высших военно-учебных заведений на основе проектирования оптимальной последовательности, сочетания и взаимосодействия технологических подходов. ; In modern conditions the contradiction between increasing requirements to military vocational cadets training, nature of design and implementation of training process in military higher school and limited technological capabilities of training process of higher education institution on their realization amplifies. The conducted research shows that existing experience of technological support of training process in military higher school on a number of the objective and subjective reasons becomes insufficient. It is supposed that permission of the revealed contradiction is possible on the basis of optimization of technological approaches to cadets training within which purposeful, stage-by-stage building of resources of self-development of the being trained is reached. In research the author''s understanding of essence of process of optimization of technological approaches to cadets training of military higher school is proved, the contents and structure of process of optimization of technological approaches to cadets training are opened. The conceptual basis of optimization of technological approaches to cadets training is defined. Qualitative levels of development of the theory and practice of training and actually development of cadets throughout a five-year course are revealed and opened. The concept about an optimality of application of technological approaches to cadets training is formulated. The received results allow to prove theoretically increase of efficiency of process of cadets training of military higher school on the basis of design of optimum sequence, a combination and mutually assistance of technological approaches.

Анализируется изменение статуса государственного арбитража в связи с принятием Закона СССР «О государственном арбитраже в СССР» и других нормативно-правовых актов. Рассматривается вопрос подбора и воспитания кадров через наставничество, создание резерва государственных арбитров из числа консультантов и юрисконсультов, обучение на юридических факультетах вузов. Подчеркивается, что всё это позволило стабилизировать положение с кадрами арбитров. Вместе с тем отмечается, что недостаток технических работников негативно влиял на работу Госарбитража. Обращается внимание на незначительное влияние партийных органов на работу госарбитра-жей, в определенной степени из-за низкой партийной прослойки. Показан вклад госарбитража в разъяснение норм и изменений в хозяйственном законодательстве через систему политической и экономической учебы, лекционную пропаганду. Анализируется ситуация, связанная с ростом теневых явлений в экономике региона, стремлением директоров предприятий скрыть от арбитража спорные ситуации по договорам. Подчеркивается, что в середине 1980-х гг. госар-битражи регионов Западной Сибири по-прежнему выполняли компенсаторную функцию, устраняя и сглаживая противоречия развития планового хозяйства. Отмечается, что информация госарбитражей, поступавшая в министерства, советские органы, свидетельствовала о глубоком кризисе системы и необходимости ее коренного реформирования. ; The article examines the change of the status of the state arbitration tribunals determined by adoption of The USSR State Arbitration Act and other legal regulations. The issue of selection and education of cadres through mentoring programs, through building arbitrator candidates pool from consultants and legal advisers, through training at law departments of universities is considered. It is emphasized that all this helped stabilize situation with cadres of arbitrators. At the same time it is noted that the shortcoming of technical workers had a negative impact on the work of the state arbitration tribunals. The author also draws attention to insignificant influence of the Communist party bodies on the work of arbitration tribunals, which may be explained by a low number of the party members in courts. The contribution of the State arbitration to an explanation of norms and changes in the economic legislation, through political and economic education and legal propaganda is shown. The author analyzes the situation connected with the growing shadow economy of the region, with factory managers attempts to conceal disputable situations of labor contracts from arbitration courts. It is emphasized that in the mid-eighties, the arbitration courts of Western Siberia regions carried out compensatory function, making up for planned economy inconsistencies. It is noted that information delivered to the ministries and Soviet executive bodies by the arbitration courts I testified about deep crisis of the system and need for its transformation.

На материалах региональных архивов рассматривается деятельность Государственного арбитража СССР в переходный период (1985-1990 гг.). Анализируя функционирование Госарбитража в ходе перестройки, автор статьи отмечает, что наряду с некоторыми изменениями в целом его задачи принципиально не менялись. Отмечается процесс реорганизации структур Госарбитража различных уровней. ; Activity of the state arbitration in the USSR in the transition period (1985-1990) is considered. Analyzing the functioning of the system of arbitration during "reorganization", the author of the article notes that along with some changes, as a whole its tasks have not changed essentially. On the basis of the analysis of archival materials and regulations the process of reorganization of structures of the system of arbitration of various levels, providing additional rights to them for checking enterprises, establishments, organizations of departmental arbitration and other bodies, resolving economic disputes is considered. Incompleteness of the right of arbitration concerning heads for non-performance of instructions by the latter about elimination of the revealed violations of the law is noted. Influence of the transition period to market economy on the activity of the regional systems of arbitration, which one of the first began to receive signals of the crisis state of socialist economy, is investigated. Features of relationship between managing subjects, increase of the role of contracts, introduction of "original self-financing" are briefly characterized. The analysis of the reasons of divergence of positions between the system of arbitration and Party governmental bodies is given. The process of transformation of the system of arbitration in arbitration court independent of anybody is considered. The role of the system of arbitration in existing Soviet economic system, formation of positive experience of arbitration legal proceedings necessary for development is emphasized. The considered period is characterized by the fact that many enterprises did not satisfy conditions of signed contracts owing to preserving the mechanism of state order, therefore volumes of planned tasks began to exceed production capacities. Difficulties in carrying out an economic reform connected with command and administrative methods of economy, low level of organization of work of ministries, departments, associations and enterprises to create economic connections and sign new contracts are designated. The author reveals a feature in the activity of the system of arbitration connected with the function of protection of labor collectives from unreasonable intervention in their activity from branch ministries and departments. On materials of regional archives contradictions in the activity of the system of arbitration supporting development of economic independence of enterprises and at the same time criticizing aspiration of enterprises to achieve economic interests are traced.

Рассматриваются некоторые особенности в работе госарбитража Западной Сибири в послевоенные годы. В частности, на основе малоизученных архивных материалов анализируются решения хозяйственных споров в лесопользовании. Нередко в процессе их решения нарушители прибегали к помощи вышестоящих руководителей, имеющих значительный политический вес и влияние в структуре государственных органов власти. ; The paper considers some features in the work of the State Arbitration in Western Siberia during the post-war years. In particular, basing on poorly investigated archival material the work analyzes solutions of business disputes in forest management. In this case, there was a tendency, when in the process of their solving the perpetrators resorted to the help of the heads of ministries and departments who have had considerable political weight and influence in the structure of state authorities.

Рассматривается становление и развитие органов государственного арбитража Западной Сибири в 1920-1940-е гг. Год 1922 принято считать годом создания государственного арбитража. Структура органов государственного арбитража в регионах Западной Сибири и традиционная сфера деятельности сложились в середине второй половине 1940-х гг., когда были образованы государственные арбитражи Кемеровской, Томской и Тюменской областей. ; Formation and development of bodies of the state arbitration of Western Siberia are considered in the 1920-1940s. 1922 is considered the date of creation of state arbitration. In 1923-1925 in the territory of Western Siberia which generally was a part of Tomsk province enterprises solved controversial questions in Tomsk province of the arbitration commission of Tomsk Province Executive Committee. In 1925 Siberia was formed by means of merge of several areas. Formed in 1922 the new Nikolaev Provincial Arbitration Commission was transformed into the Siberian Regional Arbitration Commission in Novosibirsk. In the article it is emphasized that imperfection of the economic legislation in the conditions of the accelerated industrialization, construction of new industrial enterprises, development of the Ural-Kuzbass project stimulated the growth of disputes between the enterprises and the organizations. The author gives much attention to reorganization of arbitration bodies in the 1920-1930s because of uncertainty of the position of the legislator on jurisdiction of economic disputes that was connected with novelty of a problem for the Soviet system. The review is given to the resolutions of the Central Election Commission adopted in 1931 and USSR Council of National Commissioners, and, in particular, from May 3, 1931 of No. 5/298 ''The Statute on State Arbitration at Council of People's Commissars of the USSR'' which defined the organizational structure of bodies of state arbitration in the USSR, regulated their activities for settlement of disputes, supervision of execution of decisions and the prevention of economic crimes. It is emphasized that the statute, despite repeated editing and additions, worked for nearly 30 years. The article acquaints with the creation of the West Siberian Regional Arbitration Commission in the 1930s at the West Siberian Territorial Executive Committee and state arbitration at Altai Territorial Executive Committee. Structure of bodies of state arbitration in regions of Western Siberia developed in the middle the second half of the 1940s with formation of the state arbitration of Kemerovo, Tomsk and Tyumen regions. The analysis of formation and the subsequent development of bodies of state arbitration in Western Siberia allows to draw the following conclusions: systematic maintaining of national economy did not exclude disputes between the enterprises that caused need for creation of a special body; the growth of the number of arbitration bodies and number of affairs considered in them testifies to growth of economic activity in Western Siberia, industrial development of the region; bodies of arbitration in industrial regions of Siberia were recommended to consider and resolve disputes and to study actively shortcomings of economic mechanisms and to inform higher instances on it and ways of their elimination.

Рассматриваются взаимоотношения административно-политической и технократической элит в условиях кризиса и распада советской системы управления регионами. Отмечается, что за роль и место в период, когда решались фундаментальные вопросы как в экономической, так и в социально-политической сферах жизни страны, конкурировали партгосноменклатура и технократическая элита в лице хозяйственных руководителей ; The paper considers relationship between administrative and political elite and technocratic elite in the condition of crisis and dissolution of the Soviet regional administrative system. The author specifi es that both party state nomenklatura and technocratic elite represented by economic executives competed with each other for the role and place in the period when fundamental issues in socio-economic, and in political spheres were solved.

Рассматриваются вопросы технологии лоббирования региональных интересов административно-политической и технологической элитой индустриальных регионов Сибири в 1970-1980-х гг. Анализируется изменение отношений между партийными комитетами и технократической элитой, процесс рекрутирования в партийные аппараты инженерно-технических работников при отходе от практики использования «выдвиженцев». ; The article is devoted to study on problems of lobbying regional interests of administrative and political elite and technocratic elite in the Siberian industrial regions in 1970-1980s. Change in relations between party committees and technocratic elite, process of recruiting technical workers in party bodies without using "promoted workers" are analyzed.

Рассматриваются взаимоотношения хозяйственной и политической элит в Кузбассе в 1980-е гг. В частности, освещается роль хозяйственных руководителей в социально-экономической жизни региона. О непрочности положения некогда всесильных «угольных генералов» свидетельствует частая их ротация по воле новых собственников. ; This article deals with the relationship of economic and political elites in Kuzbass in 1980s. In particular the article is concerned with the role of economic executives in social and economic life of the region. The author notes that the solution of many social questions in miners' towns and settlements depended on economic executives and that influenced on their relations with local party and state executives. A point of view is cited of one of the most authoritative "mining generals", V.P. Romanov, on the economic executives' role in the existing political system. The position of the branch-wise departments is considered with respect to territories. It also deals both with the elements of solidarity of the regional economic elite with the ranking industrial organs and with the elements of divergence of their interests. Being subordinate to the Ministry of coal mining industry economic executives tended to find an economic independence. The relationship between economic executives and local party organs and also the position of branch departments towards the territory are considered in the article. The author analyses the regional economic elite's tendency to go out of the committee's control. It is also emphasized that sometimes their interests did not coincide. The activity of the regional economic elite in the years of the perestroika is analysed, the time when coal metallurgical generals came out flat against the centre's appointee to the position of the first secretary of the regional committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The paper deals with the activities of the regional and union economic elite in the period of the mining strike in 1989, and with the ambition of "mining generals" for using the mining strike as a lever of pressure on the centre. Particularly, it emphasizes the "mining generals" tried to stop the miners' strike and to suppress their ambitions. The results of the miners' strike for its direct participants, the "mining generals", the Ministry of coal mining industry are analysed. Economic executives of metallurgical plants and factories of military-industrial establishments in Kuzbass used the results of the miners' actions. Economic executives got rid of political committees' control after getting out last miners of the mines and factories, and having come under the jurisdiction of Russian government they got rid of control of the Ministry of coal mining industry. The consequences are also analysed of the beginning of some market reforms for directors of coal and metallurgical industry of the region when in the result of property redistribution the latter passed into the ownership of representatives of the centre. The starting radical market reform activated mass closing of mines and sharp aggravation of the social situation in the region resulting in the "rail war". One of the results of reforms became the limit of property and this property passed into the hands of representatives of the centre. Because of the insufficiency of practical experience and knowledge of business management economic executives could not obtain benefit in the conditions of forming market. Frequent rotation of formerly all-powerful "mining generals" at the will of new owners speaks for their incertitude.

Анализируется роль директорского корпуса в условиях осуществления экономической и политической реформ. Раскрываются механизмы изменения статуса государственных предприятий, рассматривается участие представителей директорского корпуса в политике, отмечаются сложности политической борьбы на региональном уровне. ; The article deals with the managerial role in the conditions of economical and political reforms. In the article there are different evaluations of consequences of laws that concern extension of economic independence of enterprises directors. The article also gives the analysis of technocratic elite activity concerning collapse of party-state institutions that caused closing down party committees in enterprises under the motto of departisation. The author reveals the mechanism of state enterprises status changes. Participation of managerial sector representatives in politics is considered in the article difficulties of political struggle on the regional level are also mentioned. The activity of managerial sector representatives in the sphere of economics is also analysed. The result of this activity gives evidence that managerial sector representatives, not having any management and marketing skills, could not take advantages that they had and could not stand against the expansion of Moscow financial capital. Having conceded this expansion they transformed into high-paid managers who experienced rotation during ownership change. The article pays attention to the attempt of using administrative and political resources to realize financial profit. However, most part of the managerial sector did not manage to take appropriate niche in the process of economic and political reforms.

Основной функцией современной российской прокуратуры является осуществление прокурорского надзора. Все иные направления ее деятельности, за исключением уголовного преследования, обусловливаются осуществлением надзорной деятельности. Содержание прокурорского надзора составляет правозащитная и правоохранительная деятельность. По своей форме он представляет в большей степени не традиционное прокурорское наблюдение, а прокурорско-надзорный процесс, осуществляемый в различных формах и включающий в себя несколько видов прокурорских производств. ; According to the existing legislation the modern Russian Prosecutors Office executes two main activities. They are prosecutors supervision and criminal prosecution. The other functions mentioned in Part 2 Art. 1 of The Prosecutors Act are considered as derivative ones. For instance, the prosecutors coordination activity concerning delinquency control and trial case hearing participation can be supposed as separate prosecutors functions as long as they are implemented in the frames of prosecutors supervision and criminal prosecution. Thus all other prosecutors activities are executed in the frames of these two main functions. That is why the modern Russian Prosecutors Office is considered to belong to its own special type. It is called mixed because it has the features of the Prosecutors Office, which is obliged to execute only criminal prosecution; at the same time it has the features of the Prosecutors Office of the control type. The modern prosecutors supervision is an independent legal phenomenon, which differs from other forms of public monitoring. Today it is the only public control activity supposing the legal evaluation of the conduct of the maximum number of public agents. No doubt, as a kind of control activity it has some similar features with monitoring, but its purposes, destination, principles of organization and execution and forms of activity do not allow defining it as an ordinary form of public monitoring. Theoretically the Prosecutors Supervision category has two aspects. First of all, it is a separate form of prosecutors activity. Then, it is a complex of legal relations originated from this activity. Taking into account a low level of todays legal regulation using the definition of Prosecutors Supervision as a separate form of activity is more correct. The legal modification of the normative comprehension of zakonnost (lawfulness) led to a wider usage of the notion public interest. The main difference is in more intensive intervention in supervised agents conduct than it happened during traditional prosecutors monitoring. Ultimately this intervention is ensured by a trial application. Thus, step-by-step prosecutors monitoring during supervising has been getting the trial hearing form. Traditionally, prosecutors supervision is considered as a kind of informal way of legal application, which consists of several prosecutors procedures based on quasi-administrative and quasi-remedial methods of case solving. On the whole, the modern prosecutors supervision preserves this character. At the same time the enlargement of remedial content in its activity makes it operate with judicial methods of case solving more often. Thereupon, the arrangement of modern prosecutors supervising gradually stands closer to trial case hearing as a classic form of legal application. In that way this activity truly can be considered not as supervision itself, but as prosecutors process existing in different forms and consisting of several procedures.

Рассматриваются взаимоотношения хозяйственной и политической элит в Кузбассе в 1980-е гг. В частности, освещается роль хозяйственных руководителей в социально-экономической жизни региона. Автором отмечается, что от хозяйственных руководителей зависело решение многих социальных вопросов в шахтерских городах и поселках, что накладывало отпечаток на их отношения с местной партгосноменклатурой. ; This article deals with the relationship of economical and political elites in Kuzbass in 1980s. In particular the article is concerned with the role of economic executives in social and economic life of the region. The author notes the solution of many social questions in miners' towns and settlements depended on economic executives and that left impress on their relations with local partyand state executives. It is cited a point of view of one of the most authoritative "mining generals", Romanov V. P., about economic executives' role in existing political system. The position of the branch-wise departments is considered with respect to territories. It also deals both with the elements of solidarity of the regional economical elite with the ranking industrial organs and with the elements of divergence of their interests. Being subordinate to Ministry of coal mining industry economic executives tended to find an economic independence. The relationship between economic executives and local party organs and also the position of branch departments towards the territory are considered in the article. The author analyses regional economic elite's tendency to go out of committee's control. It also emphasizes sometimes their interests didn't coincide. It analyses the activity of the regional economical elite in the year of the perestroika, the time when coal metallurgical generals came out flat against the centre's appointee in the position of first secretary of regional committee of the Communis Party of the Soviet Union. The paper deals with the activities of the regional and union economical elite in the period of the mining strike in 1989, and with the ambition of "mining generals" for using the mining strike as a lever of pressure on the centre. Particularly it emphasizes "mining generals" tried to stop grass roots march of miners' strike and to suppress their ambitions. It analyses results of miners' strike for its direct participants, "mining generals", Ministry of coal mining industry. It notices economic executives of metallurgical plants and factories of military-industrial establishment in Kuzbass used totals of miners' actions. Economic executives got rid of political committees' control after getting out last miners of mines and factories, and having come under the jurisdiction of Russian government they got rid of keeping of Ministry of coal mining industry. It also analyses the consequences of the beginning of some market reforms for directors of coal and metallurgical industry of the region when in the result of property redistribution the latter passed into the ownership of representatives of the centre. It notes started radical market reform activated mass closing of mines and sharp aggravation of social situation in the region and it put to "rail war". One of results of reforms became limit of property and this property passed into the hands of representatives of centre. Because of the insufficiency of practical experience and knowledge of business management economic executives couldn't derive benefit in conditions of forming market. Frequent rotation of formerly all-powerful "mining generals" at the pleasure of new owners speaks for their incertitude.

Рассматривается влияние реструктуризации угольной промышленности на социально-политические процессы в Кузбассе в 1990-е гг. Подчеркивается роль иностранного влияния на процесс реструктуризации. Анализируются особенности развития социально-политических процессов в Кузбассе в данный период. Исследуются различные аспекты деятельности новых форм организованного протеста комитетов спасения: состав, отношение к нему властей, влияние феномена Тулеева на проте-стное движение. ; The present paper deals with the influence of restructurisation of coal-mining industry on the social and political process in Kuzbass in 1990-s. The role of foreign influence is emphasized in the article. The features of development of social and political process in Kuzbass in this period are analysed. Different aspects of activity of new forms of organized protest are investigated in the article, namely the committee of rescue: its staff, the authority's attitude to this committee, the influence of Tuleev's phenomenon on the protest movement.

В современных условиях усиливается противоречие между возрастающими требованиями к военно-профессиональной подготовке курсантов, характеру проектирования и осуществления процесса обучения в высших военно-учебных заведениях и ограниченными технологическими возможностями учебного процесса вуза по их реализации. Проведенное исследование показывает, что существующий опыт технологического обеспечения процесса обучения в военных вузах по ряду объективных и субъективных причин становится недостаточным. Предполагается, что разрешение выявленного противоречия возможно на основе оптимизации технологических подходов к обучению курсантов, в рамках которой достигается целенаправленное, поэтапное наращивание ресурсов саморазвития обучающихся. В исследовании выявлены основные тенденции и периоды развития понимания сущности педагогической технологии; сформулированы научные положения, которые раскрывают понятие «педагогическая технология», «технологический подход к обучению», «оптимизация технологических подходов к обучению». Обоснована сущность процесса оптимизации технологических подходов к обучению курсантов военных вузов, раскрыты содержание и структура, обобщены критерии указанного процесса. Разработана функциональная модель, выявлены и апробированы основные педагогические пути и условия оптимизации технологических подходов к обучению курсантов военных вузов. Представленные результаты позволяют теоретически обосновать повышение эффективности процесса обучения курсантов высших военно-учебных заведений на основе проектирования оптимальной последовательности, сочетания и взаимосодействия технологических подходов. ; In modern conditions the contradiction between increasing requirements to military vocational cadets training, nature of design and implementation of training process in military higher school and limited technological capabilities of training process of higher education institution on their realization amplifies. The conducted research shows that existing experience of technological support of training process in military higher school on a number of the objective and subjective reasons becomes insufficient. It is supposed that permission of the revealed contradiction is possible on the basis of optimization of technological approaches to cadets training within which purposeful, stage-by-stage building of resources of self-development of the being trained is reached. In research the main tendencies and the periods of development of understanding of pedagogical technology essence are revealed; scientific provisions which open the concept «pedagogical technology», «technological approach to training», «optimization of technological approaches to training» are formulated. The essence of process of optimization of technological approaches to cadets training of military higher school is proved, the contents and structure are opened, criteria of the specified process are generalized. The functional model is developed, the main pedagogical ways and conditions of optimization of technological approaches to cadets training of military higher school are revealed and approved. The received results allow to prove theoretically increase of efficiency of process of cadets training of military higher school on the basis of design of optimum sequence, a combination and mutually assistance of technological approaches.