BORROWINGS FROM THE POLISH LANGUAGE AS TRACED IN UKRAINIAN ARTIFACTS OF THE 16TH - 17TH CENTURY ; ЗАПОЗИЧЕННЯ З ПОЛЬСЬКОЇ МОВИ В УКРАЇНСЬКИХ ПАМ'ЯТКАХ XVI–XVII ст
The article identifies foreign origin conjunctions in the 16 th – 17 th c. Ukrainian language texts. It also traces the source language of the borrowings and analyzes the use of conjunctions in the source language and in the artifacts under analysis. Moreover, further functions of the conjunctions are studied. Ukrainian-Polish contacts of the 16 th – 17 th c. play an important role within the system of inter-Slavonic relations. They were predetermined by territorial proximity, political and economic interests and links in various fields of social and cultural life, as well as due to closely allied nature of the languages. On the basis of the card index of a historical dictionary of the 16 th – 17 th c. and personal observations, we could identify 30 foreign conjunctions borrowed directly from the Polish language, as well as from Check and Latin that entered the Ukrainian language through Polish. In Ukrainian artifacts of the 16 th – 17 th c., researchers identify such coordinate conjunctions as 'ал(ь)бо' ('алболи'), 'алиясъ', 'атоли', 'леч', 'чили', a.o., and such subordinate conjunctions as 'ал(ь)бовем' ('бовем'), 'ачкольвек', 'поневаж', a.o. One of the most widespread coordinate Polish-borrowed conjuncts in the texts under analysis is a conjunction 'албо'. It expresses punctuating, explanatory and identifying semantic and syntactic relations. The borrowing was first fixed in the Ukrainian language back in the 14 th c., while its active spread can be traced in the 16 th – 17 th c. mostly in the language of courts. The latter can be explained by the fact that scribes were keeping records in Ukrainian and Polish. In modern Ukrainian literary language, conjunction 'албо' is not used. Some dialectologists recorded its use in some Ukrainian South-West and North vernaculars. Another widely used conjunction that came into Ukrainian from Polish in the 16 th c. is an adversative conjunction 'леч'. The conjunction stopped being actively used in the Ukrainian language approximately in the 18 th c. Instead, the normative dictionaries of the Polish and Check languages record it with a restriction mark of 'bookish'. One more coordinate conjunction with an explanatory identifying function which was borrowed from Latin through Polish is 'алиас'. In the Ukrainian language of the period under research, the use of this conjunction is mostly traced in register books. It might be explained by the second wave of Latinizing of the Ukrainian registry offices of the time, as well as by the fact that Ukrainian scribes used clichés typical for Latin and Polish recordkeeping. As to subordinate conjuncts, we could identify a widely used polonism conjunction 'абовэм'. It expresses causative semantic syntactic relations. In addition, there is another causative conjunction in the texts under study which entered the Ukrainian language from Check via Polish. It is 'поневаж'. The word resulted from a semantic modification of old use 'поневаже'. In the 16th – 17th c. Ukrainian language, it was traced in artifacts of religious, official business and academic styles. As a means of expressing causative semantic syntactic relations, it was recorded in the Ukrainian language of the first half of the 19th c. in the Grammar book by I. Mohylnytskyi. As a phonetic variation, it is preserved in the language of the Lemkos as 'поневач'. In other Slavonic languages, such as Check and Polish, the conjunction 'поневаж' (poněvadž, ponieważ) is fixed to express the functions of cause, time, and assumption. As to modern Ukrainian literary language, the conjunction 'поневаж' is not used here. To express a function of assumption in compound syntactic constructions in the texts under research, the following Polish borrowed conjunction can be traced - 'ачкольвекъ'/ 'ачкольве'. A second component in the conjunction is particle '-кольвекь/ú', '-кольве' to stand for 'generalization' ("partykuła uogólniająca"). It is the particle that expresses the assumptive function of this conjunction. Since the 17th c., the use of conjunction 'aczkolwiek' in the Polish language has been narrowed, even though it was codified in the 19th c. lexicographic works and is normative for modern Polish language. Therefore, tracing of borrowed conjunctions in the 16th – 17th c. Ukrainian language artifacts proves that most of them penetrated the Ukrainian language directly from the source language, which is Polish. The number of conjunctions entering Ukrainian via the mediation of Polish is much lower. The borrowed conjunctions under analysis are first recorded in the Ukrainian speaking domain in the 16th c., in particular from the period when Ukraine was going through historical, political, and national cultural change. It is notable that the use of the borrowings was recorded in different genres of texts, while the main source of their usage are register books and polemic treatises. Запозичення з полоьської иови в українських пам'ятках XVI–XVII ст ISSN 2078-5534 Вісник Львівського університету. Серія філологічна. 2015. Випуск 63 __________________________________________________________________________________ 137 The borrowed conjunctions have not entered a normative dictionary of the Ukrainian language. Some of them (such as 'албо', 'поневаж' ('поневач') are still used in dialect speak, unlike in modern Polish language where they are part of literary norm. The presented overview of conjunctions recorded in the 16th – 17th c. Ukrainian language artifacts does not exhaust the problem of functioning Polish borrowed lexemes in particular, and borrowings in general. Instead, it offers new ground for research of Ukrainian-Polish language relations. Key words: conjunction, Ukrainian-Polish contacts, borrowings, artifact, particle, syntactic constructions. ; У статті на матеріалі пам'яток української мови XVI–XVII ст. розглянуто використання запозичених сполучників. З'ясовано початок їхнього вживання в українській мові в порівнянні з іншими західнослов'янськими мовами. Простежено семантико-синтаксичні відношення, які виявлені сполучники виражали в українських текстах окресленого періоду, а також досліджено подальше функціонування сполучників-запозик на українськомовному ґрунті. Ключові слова: сполучник, українсько-польські зв'язки, запозичення, пам'ятка, частка, синтаксичні конструкції.