Suchergebnisse

Development of biotechnology contributes to the appearance of natural alternatives that meet the high demands of the animal itself, the consumer lobby, new legislatives, and the movement for environment protection. In the area of alternative solutions, the most often mentioned are enzymes. The goals of using enzymes are enhancement of endogenous enzymes activity removing antinutrients from some feedstuffs, increasing energy and nutritive value due to increasing bioaviability of nutrients to resorption, as well as decreasing the output of indigestible nutrients in the environments. The innovative solutions and flexible alternatives of using enzymes are the choice option for gaining optimal performances and satisfactory health of intensively managed pigs. Besides those mentioned, this solution is based on natural mechanisms as a basis for the production of healthy and safe food for human nutrition. The use of enzymes in swine nutrition has to find its place primarily in the feed mill factory, but it has to be based on a high professional approach to choosing different kinds of enzymes related to target substrates. ; Razvoj biotehnologije doprineo je pojavi prirodnih alternativa koje ispunjavaju i zadovoljavaju visoko postavljene zahteve samog organizma potrošačkog lobija, novih zakonskih regulativa i pokreta za zaštitu životne sredine. U nizu alternativnih rešenja najčešće se pominju enzimi. Cilj dodavanja enzima je dopuna aktivnosti endogenih enzima svinja, otklanjanje antinutritivnih materija iz pojedinih hraniva (_-glukani, fitati), povećanje energetske i hranljive vrednost hraniva na osnovu veće dostupnosti pojedinih hranljivih materija za resorpciju, kao i smanjivanje izlučivanja neiskorišćenih hranljivih materija u spoljašnju sredinu. Primena enzima sa svojim inovativnim rešenjima i fleksibilnim alternativnima predstavlja mogućnost izbora postizanja optimalnih proizvodnih rezultata i zadovoljavajućeg zdravstvenog stanja u intezivnom uzgoju svinja koji se, u ovom slučaju, zasniva na prirodnim mehanizmima kao osnovi za proizvodnju zdrave i bezbedne hrane za ljude. Korišćenje enzima mora da nađe svoje mesto prvenstveno u pogonima za proizvodnju hrane za životinje, ali mora da se zasniva na visokom stručnom i profesionalnom pristupu pri izboru vrsta enzima u odnosu na ciljni supstrat.

Recent mycological and mycotoxicological analysis of many feed samples have shown that this problem is still present. It is approved that mouldy feed can contain various mycotoxins, but in our conditions among the most investigated and usually present are some trichotecenes. Based on laboratory feed inspection of samples sent to be analysed in the Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia in Belgrade it was concluded that fungi and mycotoxins contamination are common. Although detected levels usually do not exceed limits layed by actual legislation, having on mind cumulative effects and possible chronical exposure of animals to their harmful influence, appropriate and competent approach is necessary. In fact, even when direct loses, as consequence of high mortality are not present, indirect loses due to drop of performances and production and higher incidence of other deseases must not be neglected. ; Fusarium plesni preovlađuju u našem regionu. Među mikotoksinima koje proizvode Fusarium plesni, živina je naročito osetljiva na T-2 toksin i DAS koji pripadaju grupi trihotecena. Mlada živina, uzgojna živina, patke i golubovi često su osetljiviji na efekte mikotoksina. Kombinacija više različitih vrsta mikotoksina može da dovede do težih efekata čineći problematičnijim definisanje sigurnih nivoa u hrani. U cilju prevencije problema u vezi sa prisustvom mikotoksina u hrani neophodno je pravilno skladištenje i rukovanje žitaricama i gotovom hranom kako bi se smanjio razvoj plesni i produkcija mikotoksina. Takođe, neophodno je vršiti i redovne analize za detekciju mikotoksina. Dodaci hrani za životinje mogu da se koriste za ublažavanje štetnih efekata nekih mikotoksina, ali treba da budu istraženi kako bi njihova aktivnost bila usmerena na mikotoksin od interesa.

In feed production processes, factories usually produce different mixtures within the same production line. Consequently, remainders of the first-produced feed can stay in the system and be mixed with the following feed charge. This type of transfer (carry-over) is unavoidable in the production systems currently used, and thus, non-medicated feed can be contaminated with veterinary drugs present in a previously manufactured charge of medicated feed. The carry-over of veterinary medicinal products is associated with the risk of residues remaining in the tissues of treated animals at the time of slaughter and poses a health hazard to consumers. Producing safe feed and food products is, first and foremost, a question of good management practices at each stage of the feed and food chain, from primary production to final processing. Primary responsibility for feed safety rests with the feed business operator, who must ensure that all stages of production, processing and distribution under their control are carried out in accordance with relevant legislation, good manufacturing practice and principles contained in the HACCP system. Concrete steps for feed manufacturers to prevent drug carry-over are using one or more approved cleanout procedures of manufacturing equipment, such as cleaning, flushing or sequencing.

The attention of the scientific and professional communities, as well as of food consumers, has always been directed towards finding adequate nutritional strategies that could improve food production and safety. By using antibiotics as feed additives, farmers gained increased profits based on higher growth rates with better feed conversion and lower costs of therapeutic treatment. The quantities of antibiotics used as growth promoters for farm animals have been increasing constantly, but at the same time, the frequency of bacterial resistance to antibiotics and the presence of antibiotic residues in food have become a global problem. To eliminate or minimize these risks, on 1 January 2006, antibiotics were banned from use as additives in animal nutrition in the European Union. Accordingly, there is interest in developing new nutritional strategies that would support the function of the autochthonous microbiota in the animal gastrointestinal tract to control pathogenic bacteria. Probiotics, prebiotics, phytobiotics and feed enzymes are a new generation of growth promoters and largely achieve their effects by using the physiological mechanisms of animals and/or their intestinal microbiomes, enabling animals to completely fulfil their genetic potential with respect to production properties.

The aim of this study was to determine the content of some elements (Pb, Cd, Hg, Fe, Cu, Zn, As) in muscle tissue of Prussian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) from seven different lakes in the Belgrade region, Serbia. Concentrations of Pb, Hg and As in fish muscle tissues from all examined lakes were under the maximum residual levels prescribed by the European Union (EU) and the maximum allowed concentrations (MAC) for Serbia. In all investigated fish, levels of Cd exceeded maximum allowed concentrations (0.05 mg kg-1). Data on the finding of elements in fish speak concurrently about the safety of fish as food and are good indicators of environmental pollution.