This article uses the history of daily life to highlight the larger connections between interlocking networks of cultural and political power and bourgeois mentalities and mores in late nineteenth-century Romania. Focusing on the figure of Titu Maiorescu, a reformer of education, language, and literature, as well as a conservative politician, it illuminates "how things were done" in a society still trapped between agrarian realities and Westernizing impulses.
The ancient Greek medicine was based on the principle that philosophy influences all natural sciences as a whole. The doctor had, first of all, a humanistic formation followed by study of applied sciences specific to medicine. If humanism is purely theoretical, medicine is an applied science and the two-philosophy and medical knowledge, despite the apparent antinomy are able to create a union to the benefit of humanity. Medicine is the art of treating patients, identifying diseases and malady prevention. In its endeavor, medicine is based on the findings of numerous other fields such as physics, chemistry, anatomy, physiology, etc. Philosophy, on the other hand, can be defined as an attempt to understand human life as a whole. It is inevitable that the two ways of dealing with human beings to have influenced each other and the history of mankind. Both forms of knowledge have a major impact and influence on the world. Philosophy, understood in its older meaning, urged towards the prophylaxis and treatment of diseases of the soul whereas medicine, relying on philosophical teachings is aimed at healing the body and study its psychosomatic features.
In 2021, the military paratroopers celebrated 80 years of existence, since their establishment as a specialty, within the Romanian Aeronautics, later as a distinct specialization and generating, in turn, new military specialties, all vital for a military that wants to be modern and proficient. This specialty, established in the Romanian armed forces at the beginning of the Second World War, was an attempt to respond to and align with the needs and, why not, the modernity of the time. Passed through the difficult test of August 1944, disbanded immediately after the war and reborn from its own ashes in 1950, it managed, despite many hardships and sacrifices, some of which were particularly painful, to impose itself as an elite job profile in the panoply of the contemporary Romanian military. Side by side with the Air Force pilots, who always supported them with aircraft and aerodrome infrastructure, the paratroopers wrote history for modern Romania.
Osteoporosis is a major health problem, and the economic costs are expected to rise due to an increase in life expectancy throughout the world. Its major consequence is fractures, and especially hip fractures are associated with institutionalization and increased mortality. Homocysteine is an amino acid intermediate formed during the metabolism of methionine. Homocysteinuria is a rare autosomal recessive biochemical abnormality which causes elevated plasma concentrations of homocysteine and severe occlusive vascular disease. In patients with homocysteinuria, there is an increased prevalence of skeletal deformities, including osteoporosis, which is a primary risk factor for hip fracture. The high prevalence of osteoporosis among patients with homocysteinuria suggests that high levels of plasmatic homocysteine may also increase the risk of fractures. Nutritional factors such as vitamins B12, B6, and folate are cofactors in homocysteine metabolism, and vitamin intakes may inversely affect plasma homocysteine levels.
The "volatile" international context requires the strengthening of the national security measures, including in the field of CBRN and public health. The medical countermeasures for the defense are based ultimately on the prophylactic treatment (pre-exposure, intra-exposure and post-exposure) and on the curative treatment (of emergency, maintenance and recovery) of the contaminated and the sick. Depending on the rapid and correct etiological diagnosis, the appropriate treatment is immediately applied. Although in times of peace this scenario is almost non-existent, during war or terrorist attack it can be a mass pathology, like an explosive epidemic, that requires specific therapeutic means. Military medicine had and has the conceptual capacity to make antidotes for CBRN medical protection; some have been patented and/or produced as experimental models, but it has no manufacturing capacity anymore.
Yolk sac tumor or endodermal sinus tumor is a rare malignant ovarian germ cell tumor (is a borderline tumor) diagnosed in young females up to 25 years old. Histopathological it resembles the mesenchyme of the primitive yolk sac. Microscopically it presents the following triad: Schiller-Duval bodies, reticular aspect and PAS+ hyaline droplets (α-fetoprotein). The diagnosis of Yolk sac tumor is made by dosing serum α-fetoprotein, ultrasound and MRI – DWI imaging. It requires surgical treatment, followed by chemotherapy (new therapies – platin or carboplatin, etoposide, bleomycin) [1]. Survival prognosis at 5 years is of 80% for stage I. Differential diagnosis is with Brenner tumor, ovarian clear cell carcinoma, dysgerminoma, malignant teratomas, androblastoma, dermoid cyst.
Public health is the most important power factor of a nation, from which all other factors derive. Infectious diseases are the most important cause of morbidity and mortality in humans. Vaccination is the most important method of prophylaxis of infectious-contagious diseases. Mass implementation of vaccination prevents the occurrence of epidemics, epizootic diseases or homonymous pandemics, and at the individual level ensures the specific active immunity (total or partial). So the vaccination of the population and/or the risk groups is of strategic importance to the nation, both in peacetime and in time of war. The national antidote production along with anti-infectives (vaccines, therapeutic serums, immunomodulators, antimicrobial chemotherapies and pesticides) has a strategic importance for the health of the population and of the troops. Biological crisis situations are cases of force majeure, where the Medicines Law provides the exception for manufacturing and use, even without a ""marketing authorization"". The military scientific research could make micro-production of specific drugs (antidotes, antiinfectives) for the needs of the army and the risk groups of the population. An example would be the preparation of vaccines for the prophylaxis of diseases caused by BWA and bioterrorism as niche products. Nothing hinders the preparation of any medication, such as magistral and galenical preparations, or pilot batch, provided there is adequate space, equipment, staff and procedures according to the law or the exception.
"Ramifications of Ideology: Mapping Contemporary Romanian Literature. After outlining the mutations occurring in the background of literary histories, the analysis that follows shows, by focusing on the relevance of periodization in literary history, that, covering several decades as it does, Mihai Iovǎnel's History of Contemporary Romanian Literature: 1990-2020 works out open filiations and parallelisms that extend a time interval of contrasts and continuities. In his effort to assign another dimension to literary history through alliances with disciplines that cross a critically structured and metacritically developed literary area, Iovănel attempts to make literary history more permeable. Thus, a section of his work investigates how The History… reacts, from the post-Marxist materialism viewpoint, to the particularities determined by the transition from one cultural pattern to another. That segment examines conceptual and methodological ramifications, identifies lineages or vulnerabilities, and shows that the existence of an area of intersection between literary history and memory transforms The History… into a narrative. Finally, another part of the book is dedicated to demonstrating that what Benga-Țuțuianu calls an "objectifying" approach can meet blind spots that prove relevant for the recontextualization of literary production and for sketching out a type of cosmopolitan imagery—a springboard to the discussion about world literature. Nevertheless, the arguments summed up in the last segment of the book prove unequivocally that Iovǎnel's History is a turning point in Romanian literary historiography. Keywords: materialism, temporality, transfer, periphery, world literature"
"The evolution of the planet's climate is multifactorial influenced and has a dynamic over time. Many scientists have approached this controversial field, and each relies on objective but divergent statistics. Geographers have established that planet Earth is in a period of slight slow cooling, not at the level of the four prehistoric ice ages, but only at the level of the Little Ice Age from the Middle Ages which probably caused the great migration of peoples from Asia to Europe. This slow cooling is only slowed down and may even be partially reversed by anthropogenic activities. The industry produces large amounts of carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels and other greenhouse gases. Animals produce carbon dioxide through respiration and digestion, some also methane. The waste degradation, fires, volcanic eruptions, swamps, and thawing of permafrost release carbon dioxide, methane, and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Climate change exit and has always existed, but there is no scientific evidence for global warming or for climate risks other than those we already know. Public health is already facing danger, directly and indirectly, for multiple reasons, to which "climate change" is added. "
Intellectual mobility brings change, there is the primary factor in the way of progress and optimal premise of human being development from theoretic and practice regards. Medical Higher Education, worldwide, is generally similar in structure and consistency, but different in typology of presentation, teaching, learning and assessment. In fact, general medicine, as a subject refers to the same biological body, but presented differently depending on culture, space and under various methods of teaching and learning. The idiom of intellectual mobility is not new, but according to globalization, which we live at the present times, brought the mobility in the main plan of Europeanization, a new plan, with continues sustainable development and maybe of success. By institutional mobility, both for students and for academic staff, an exchange means a period of one academic year or a semester, for students and, for two days to several months for academic staff, into a foreign university. These stages of study, practice, and teaching take place most frequently within the Erasmus + framework, have been of 30 years in Europe and 20 years in Romania. Also, there are other programs that can perform intellectual mobility, but the most well-known is Erasmus program, where European Commission has allocated the biggest legal and financial budget framework. Overall activity program features has a variety of tools to be deployed and an inter-institutional framework with qualified staff to manage it.
Background and Aim: Health technology assessment for drugs is a necessary step in developing health policies that are focused on patients and getting the best value for scarce resources. One important feature of health technology assessment is transparency. In many countries, health technology assessment is followed by negotiations between pharmaceutical companies and health authorities to determine whether a drug will be publicly funded. These negotiations often result in Managed Entry Agreements, which typically include confidentiality clauses covering the final price of the drug. Methods: We reviewed Romanian legislation starting in 2014 to assess the level of confidentiality and transparency in drug pricing and reimbursement. Results: We found that for drugs with Managed Entry Agreements, the level of discounts is confidential, the public does not know how much the government is paying for each of these drugs, the volumes (units) of drugs are not transparently published by the payer, the outcomes, in terms of patients treated by therapeutic area, therapeutic success, and resource utilization, are confidential. Conclusions: We consider that too much confidentiality can prevent the public from knowing if the government is getting good value for money, but too little confidentiality can lead to higher drug prices or a lack of drugs from the market.
