[ESP] El papel del ornamento en la arquitectura ha ido variando a lo largo de los siglos. Su existencia indiscutida, la intensidad de su presencia o los planteamientos que lo relegaban a un papel secundario o inexistente se han ido sucediendo en paralelo a otras cuestiones técnicas o estéticas en el ámbito de la arquitectura. Sin embargo, debemos alejarnos de los movimientos cíclicos articulados en torno a las ideas de agotamiento estético; del mismo modo que no parecen ser válidas, desde luego, las ideas a este respecto de la historiografía formalista. El papel del ornamento en el hecho arquitectónico ha estado determinado en la inmensa mayoría de los casos por contextos sociales e ideológicos que ha hecho suyos la creación artística y particularmente la arquitectura. Los condicionantes políticos y, sobre todo, religiosos dan paso a partir del siglo XVIII a otro tipo de fundamentación basada por primera vez en la razón y en el propio hecho arquitectónico, aunque teniendo muy presentes razones de carácter ideológico y filosófico. Todo ello hace de este momento un punto de inflexión que será el inicio de un nuevo camino particularmente dinámico y apasionante, al que se irán incorporando la técnica, la historia y la política como nuevos activos en el discurso arquitectónico. El ornamento, por presencia, por ausencia o por carácter será parte fundamental en la definición arquitectónica hasta bien entrado el siglo XX. [ENG] The role of ornament in architecture has varied over the centuries. Its undisputed existence, the intensity of its presence or the approaches that relegated it to a minor or nonexistent role have been taking place at the same time as other technical or aesthetic issues in the field of architecture. However, we have to move away from cyclical approaches which have been organized around the ideas of aesthetic exhaustion. The ideas regarding this aspect of the formalist historiography do not seem to be valid either. The role of ornament in the architectural fact has been determined in the vast majority of cases by social and ideological context, which has embraced artistic creation and architecture in particular. From the eighteenth century on, political and, especially religious determining factors give way to a different type of grounds which are based on reason and architectural facts, but bearing in mind the ideological and philosophical determining factors, which makes this moment a turning point. This will be the beginning of a new and particularly dynamic and exciting way, ti which technique, history and politics will be added as new assets in architectural discourse. Ornament will become a basic part, because of its presence, its absence or its character, in the architectural definition until mid twentieth century.
В статье представлена попытка расшифровать смысл и значение изображений на 8 кисельницах из коллекции НГИАМЗ. Кисельница – это посуда для приготовления ритуальной пищи, и орнаменты на ней всегда символичны. Методом аналогии с другими видами декоративно-прикладного искусства на кисельницах были выявлены отдельные элементы орнамента с сакральным смыслом и целые их комплексы, которые позволили отнести некоторые предметы к тем или иным обрядам наших предков The article attempts to decipher the sence and meaning of the images on 8 kissel bowls from the Nizhny Novgorod Museum-Reserve collection. Kissel bowl is a dish for preparing ritual food, and the ornaments on it are always symbolic. Using the method of analogy with other types of decorative and applied art on kissel bowls, individual elements of the ornament with a sacred meaning and their entire complexes were identified, which made it possible to attribute some objects to one or another ritual of our ancestors.
The development of urban parks in some areas has a good impact on the quality of the environment. Trunojoyo Park in Malang City is one of the city park that has a predicate as the best park, especially this park is supported by the government of Malang city into a city park that must be visited by the tourists. The problem is trunojoyo park requires a direction of future development by looking at the perception of visitors who come in the park. The purpose of this study is to know the direction of the new design to find the appropriate design criteria in relation to one's response from the perceptions seen. The architectural intervention in the landscape is one way of approaching how to view the perception in the realm of architectural design. In two ways: temporary intervention and permanent intervention, this method looks at how one's response perceives the architectural element as an aesthetic element in which there is an Islamic ornament as one of the objects applied. This study used descriptive research through field observations by giving random questionnaires that were divided into men and women. Analysis and discussion is done by sorting and calculating each variable of choice of respondent (quantitative). Further evaluated to determine the factors of visitor perception assessment of aesthetics Park City. This study shows that the order and diversity of vegetation, completeness of facilities, security and comfort of the Park City are the factors of assessment of visitors to the aesthetics of the Park City. This research has benefited from the emergence of new theories, regarding the visitor's assessment of the aesthetic City Park.
Islamic architecture, a form of Islamic art, contributes significantly to portraying God Almighty's supremacy. In Islamic art, there are numerous ways to place emphasis on this architecture; one of which is through high aesthetic value. In Islamic art and architecture, the greatest extent of ornamentation and motifs probably describe aesthetic values. Islamic ornamentation serves as a platform for delivering information about Islam's culture including Islamic values and identity. Additionally, the most distinguishing characteristic of Islamic ornamentation is the richness of meaning behind it, that might influence a person's perception of spiritual aesthetics. Therefore, this article explore what spiritual aesthetic means and how it relates to Islamic ornamentation. Furthermore, Islamic ornamentation should be considered a part of the interior of the Islamic architecture rather than just decorations added after the fact or to cover in gaps. Through the interplay of the people and interior space, these ornaments have the potential to engage with human aesthetics. Therefore, this research also focuses on the aesthetics and beauty of ornaments, which satisfy one of human psychological needs: to be in a beautiful environment. Because emphasis of the research is to explore how people perceive the aesthetics of Islamic ornamentation, a semiotics method was chosen because of its capacity to transcend literal meanings. The identification and evaluation of the aesthetic and religious qualities of the Islamic ornamentation brought out in this paper can be very helpful for the artists as well as scholars in understanding the Islamic art.
Keywords: Islamic Ornaments, Islamic Architecture, Aesthetic Value, Spiritual Aesthetics, Islamic Art, Architectural Ornaments
Trunojoyo Park in Malang City is one of the city parks that has a predicate as the best park. The government of Malang city supports this park into a city park that must be visited by the tourists. The problem is trunojoyo park requires a direction of future development by looking at the perception of visitors who visit the park. The purpose of this study is to know the direction of the new design to find the appropriate design criteria in relation to one's response from the perceptions seen. The architectural intervention in the landscape is one way of approaching how to view the perception in the realm of architectural design. In two ways: temporary intervention and permanent intervention, this method looks at how one's response perceives the architectural element as an aesthetic element in which there is an Islamic ornament as one of the objects applied. This study used descriptive research through field observations by giving random questionnaires that were divided into men and women. Analysis and discussion are done by sorting and calculating each variable of choice of the respondent quantitative). They were further evaluated to determine the factors of visitor perception assessment of aesthetics Park City. This study shows that the order and diversity of vegetation, completeness of facilities, security, and comfort of the Park City are the factors of assessment of visitors to the aesthetics of the Park City. This research has benefited from the emergence of new theories regarding the visitor's assessment of the aesthetic City Park.
Der Bauschmuck des Jupitertempels in Baalbek ist durch sechs noch stehende Säulen mitsamt Gebälk sowie durch zahlreiche im Gelände verstreute Fragmente bezeugt. Durch die hier vorliegenden Untersuchungen konnten nun erstmals auch Fragmente nachgewiesen werden, die zum Aufbau der ansonsten verlorenen Tempelcella gehörten. Über eine möglichst umfassende Katalogisierung konnte der Materialbestand weit über das bisher bekannte Maße gesichert werden, so daß zum Beispiel mit 23 statt der in der Forschung bisher üblichen 2 Kapitelle gearbeitet werden konnte. Der Fokus der Arbeit liegt zunächst auf der Darstellung und Beschreibung des Tempels sowie seiner kulturellen und bauhistorischen Verortung in Baalbek selbst. Als feste Referenzpunkte außerhalb der Stadt wurden der Mars-Ultor- Tempel in Rom sowie der Bel-Tempel von Palmyra gewählt. Durch diese Vergleiche und durch einen erstmals in der Forschungsgeschichte vorgenommenen Vergleich der einzelnen Ornamentzonen untereinander konnte eine neue Datierung vorgenommen werden, wodurch der Aufbau und die Fertigstellung des Baus in die 2. Hälfte des 1. Jhs. n. Chr. zu rücken sind. Die Interpretation der Architekturornamentik führte zu mehreren, zum Teil völlig neuen Ergebnisse. Der große und schon vielfach bemerkte Reichtum in der Ausarbeitung des Bauschmucks zeigt das große Können, ein umfangreiches Repertoire und vor allem eine große Freiheit der ausführenden Steinmetzen, die wohl eher lokaler Abstammung waren. Darüber hinaus ist der extra für den Tempel entworfene Fries eine politische Aussage der Colonia Beirut/Heliopolis, mit dem die neu erworbene Stellung im Machtgefüge der levantinischen Städte demonstriert werden soll. Die immer wieder auftretende Unfertigkeit bei der Fertigstellung der Ornamentik ist systematisch und läßt sich mit den umfassenden finanziellen Problemen im römischen Steuerwesen beim Übergang zwischen der neronischen und der flavischen Epoche begründen. ; The architectural decoration of the temple of Jupiter in Baalbek is testified by six still standing columns with their entablature and numerous fragments in the area around. This study presents for the first time also fragments from the construction of the otherwise lost cella of the temple. By building a nearly complete catalog of the fragments it was possible to secure the material stock far beyond it was known by now, so for example it was possible to work with 23 instead of the 2 capitals that had been used in former research. The mainly focus of the work is on the representation and description of the temple and its cultural and architectural location in the city of Baalbek. The temple of Mars-Ultor in Rome and the temple of Bel in Palmyra were chosen as fixed reference points. Through these comparisons and through a comparison of the individual ornamental zones with each other for the first time in the history of research, a new dating could be established, which places the construction and completion of the building in the 2nd half of the 1st century AD. The interpretation of architectural ornamentation led to several completely new results. The great and already noticed wealth in the elaboration of architectural ornamentation shows the great skill, an extensive repertoire and above all a great freedom of the executing stonemasons, who were probably of more local origin. Furthermore the frieze was specially designed for the temple and is a political statement of the Colonia Beirut/Heliopolis, which is intended to demonstrate the newly acquired position in the administratic structure of the Levantine cities. The recurrent incompleteness in the ornamentation is systematic and can be explained by the financial problems in the roman state finances during the transition between the Neronic and Flavian eras.The architectural decoration of the temple of Jupiter in Baalbek is testified by six still standing columns with their entablature and numerous fragments in the area around. This study presents for the first time also fragments from the construction of the otherwise lost cella of the temple. By building a nearly complete catalog of the fragments it was possible to secure the material stock far beyond it was known by now, so for example it was possible to work with 23 instead of the 2 capitals that had been used in former research. The mainly focus of the work is on the representation and description of the temple and its cultural and architectural location in the city of Baalbek. The temple of Mars-Ultor in Rome and the temple of Bel in Palmyra were chosen as fixed reference points. Through these comparisons and through a comparison of the individual ornamental zones with each other for the first time in the history of research, a new dating could be established, which places the construction and completion of the building in the 2nd half of the 1st century AD. The interpretation of architectural ornamentation led to several completely new results. The great and already noticed wealth in the elaboration of architectural ornamentation shows the great skill, an extensive repertoire and above all a great freedom of the executing stonemasons, who were probably of more local origin. Furthermore the frieze was specially designed for the temple and is a political statement of the Colonia Beirut/Heliopolis, which is intended to demonstrate the newly acquired position in the administratic structure of the Levantine cities. The recurrent incompleteness in the ornamentation is systematic and can be explained by the financial problems in the roman state finances during the transition between the Neronic and Flavian eras.
Colonial rule had influenced 19th century monumental Architecture as a form of imperial expression in India. European concepts of architecture reached the Asian subcontinent through visuals, literature, paintings and pattern books. Various examples from this neoclassical and neo gothic phase, also referred to as Anglo-Indian1, Indo-Sarasanic2, Indo Gothic3, Mughal Gothic4, Neogothic, Hindoo or Hindu5 Gothic architectural style that could be experiential at various levels and scales. This new vocabulary tried to reach not only the major cities under colonial rule but it reached the smaller towns and countryside instantaneously.6 7 Calcutta, Madras, Bombay procured their identity during the late eighteenth and nineteenth century beginning with neoclassical era. These three presidency towns developed with sculptural indications of the colonial rule. This was an effort of collaborative works between locals and British officials. Comparatively smaller towns like Poona8 tried to nurture its space as a part of this wave in their own way. Notably these emerging urban patterns gave rise to new public realm and social spaces. This research is divided into five parts commencing with literature review. Review of books, annals, travelogues, helps understand the context of research that is covered in detail in the further discussions. Diverse aspects of the colonial, with elements of local architecture developed in late 19th century India, are covered by various travellers, artists, historians and architects. This helps in developing frame of research and knowing what could be our contribution to the state of art. The first chapter analyses 19th century architecture developed in India and especially the Deccan9 as a result 1 Word Anglo-Indian architecture is used for style with English and Indian elements. Anglo-Indian is used by various British officers referring to person relating to England and India or a person of mixed English and Indian descent or an English person who lives or has lived for a long time in India. 2 Indo-Saracenic style mainly demonstrated by British architects and engineers to mention few Stevens, Chisholm, Beg, Charles Mant worked with local Indian contractors used Indo-Islamic and Indian architectural elements with Gothic revival style for various public buildings in India during late nineteenth century. Word Saracenic is used for people lived in desert areas nearby Roman province of Arabia. Meyer Schapiro defines style as "the constant form –and sometimes the constant elements, qualities and expression- in the art of an individual or group." Gothic revival styles defined empire style after great rebel of 1857. East India Company dissolved its powers and concentrated Queen Victoria's control on India lead in the development of architectural style using Gothic forms in Public buildings. 3 Indo Gothic phrase mainly indicates mix of Indian and Indo-Islamic forms with European Gothic style. 4 Mughal Gothic denotes elements from Mughal and Gothic architecture flourished in India in late nineteenth century. Mughal ruler was Muslim dynasty of Turkish Mongol called as Mughal rulers, ruled from 16th to mid 18th century in northern part of India. 5 Hindu or Hindoo word is generally referred to people from India. It's a pronunciation derived from Sindhu/ Indus River largest in India. 6 Jan Morris, Simon Winchester, Introduction to Stones of Empire: The buildings of the Raj, (Oxford University Press, 1983) 7 Das Pradip Kumar, Henry Irwin and the Indo Saracenic Movement reconsidered, (Partridge Publishing, 2014),5. 8 Poona is pronounced as 'Pune' in colloquial language. For research writing purpose it is used as Poona as the name used earlier in 19th century. 9 Deccan is a peninsular plateau located in central India comprised states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra. In this research western Deccan is mainly referred to western part of Maharashtra state developed under 8 of British initiative of infrastructure development following European models in Indian settings mainly for their own determination. With the examples of individual pattern of architectural expression it is significant to note how western models adapted in local climatic and geographical context. Some call this as magnificent pieces of architecture to some extent while in opinion of few these Indo Saracenic structures were unacquainted and had obsessive ornamentation too.10 Emergence of Public architecture in urban context focusing on essentials of European and local migrations were erected with western concepts. Collaborative works of European notions with Indian features lead to eclecticism in the manifestation of architectural style developed.11 Bombay presidency. 10 Das Pradip Kumar, Henry Irwin and the Indo Saracenic Movement reconsidered .cit., 6. 11 Christopher W., Bombay Gothic, (Mumbai, India Book House Pvt. Ltd., 2002), 131. Eclecticism he explains as "the 'discovery of a repository of styles established a great range of decorative options for architects of the period. In India, this led to the absorption of Hindu (Indo) and Mughal (Saracenic) architectural elements into neo-Gothic and Fig 1 St Paul Cathedral Foundation Stone laid by Bartle Frere (1863), Source: Photo by Lavand Vaidehi Fig 2 Deccan College Foundation Stone laid by Bartle Frere (1864), Source: Photo by Lavand Vaidehi Figure 3 Deccan College Poona designed by St Clair Wilkins 1868. Designed in Venetian Gothic Style one of the landmark structure in Poona. Source: Photo by Lavand Vaidehi Figure 1 St Paul Cathedral Stone laid by Bartle Frere (1863) Figure 2 Deccan College Foundation Stone laid by Bartle Frere (1864) 9 Royal engineers were the key persons worked in collaboration with local engineers and masons at grass root level in the process of establishing British rule in India. Many of them came from middle and lower class families but reached greater heights by their performance. Diverse projects from basic architectural interventions, railway, bridges, basic infrastructure, and services were coordinated in India. They worked on European models in local context with successful and unsuccessful efforts.12 To explain this further, till early nineteenth century simple and function based structures built for residential and religious purposes. Engineers were experimenting and modifying European models considering local climatic conditions. From mid nineteenth century building construction activity received more attention as vocabulary of Raj13. Which kept on changing adapting local climate, material and incorporation of local traditional art forms in architecture. This argument extends with the cases of medieval town planning, comprising meandering roads for warfare strategies with fortress at a central location of main axis of town, those were extended with grid Iron pattern. This could be grasped prominently in case of towns where cantonments were developed under colonial rule like Ahmadnagar, Sholapur (Solapur), Kolhapur,14 and Poona in Deccan context under Bombay presidency. Multiethnic, cosmopolitan settlements took place in these newly developed areas.15 Cantonments flourished with residential units for British Officers and market space known as Sadar Bazar mainly comprising migrating communities like Parsi, Bohara, Tamils and Gujarati16 to serve neo-classical compositions. Sometimes the buildings were pure enough in their use of indigenous stylistic sources to be called 'Indo-Saracenic' in other instances they were not, merely certain elements or certain areas of the building exhibited these unusually mixed stylistic character." 12 Sandes E. W. C. Lieut. Colonel, Preface The Military Engineer in India, Vol II, (Chatham: Institution of Royal Engineers, 1933), 35. 13 Word Raj indicates British hegemony in India. 14 Ahmadnagar, Sholapur, Kolhapur are few of important historic towns of western Maharashtra developed under Bombay presidency in 19th century 15 Deddee Jaymala and Samita Gupta, Pune Queen of the Deccan.cit Introduction. 16 Parsi, Bohara, Tamils and Gujarati are different trading communities settled in parts of India. Parsi belongs to Iran, Boharas are Muslims from parts of Pakistan and Gujarat, Tamils and Gujarati are from state of Tamilnadu and Figure 4 Reay Market Designed by Walter Ducat and Vasudev Kanitkar Photo by Lavand Vaidehi 10 British residential colonies. This mix culture of Anglo-Indian society reflected in the development of architectural language emerged in the vicinity in several typologies. Then cases of late 19th century Poona developed with its preexisting native town with two cantonments and Sadarbazzar (Market adjacent to cantonment) with evolving typologies of buildings are examined with the support of varied sources. The reasons behind selecting Poona as an example of this process of change in architectural style are its geographical location, political and cultural importance in Deccan region. It was the monsoon capital under Bombay presidency. Two major events such as the railway connecting Poona with Bombay and formation of municipality geared physical expansion of the town.17 Sir Bartle Frere's18 (Fig 1 and 2) initiatives of public building activities in Poona lead in developing face of Poona as an Educational hub, which is well known even today. Building activity at an early stage of colonial expanse was mainly utility based. But later officers in East India Company implemented policy of getting connected with local rulers so they beheld for architectural style that will impress locals and reflect power of colonial rulers. European surveyors and engineers procured and adapted various elements, details and layouts from pattern books for particular site requirements.19 Native philanthropists were inspired by Enlightenment20 and progress that; they tried to implement Neo-gothic revival style at urban level in late nineteenth century.21 Colonial government with local elites shaped cities with new urban infrastructure. European and Indian engineers, architects and artists made designs, whereas Indian laborers, craftsmen and artisans worked on actual execution. In the process, the local teams left their mark on the vocabulary at different levels right from selection of materials, construction techniques, features, and ornamentation. Examples such as Governors bungalow, Deccan College (Fig 3), College of Engineering, Reay Market (Fig 4) and number of churches erected in Poona are very evocative. These monumental scale buildings are still reminiscent of the colonial presence in Poona. Third, fourth and fifth part of research is an original contribution to the state of art, focusing on Contribution of Colonel Walter Marden Ducat R.E.22 and native engineer Rao Bahadur Vasudev Bapuji Kanitkar23 in the development of architectural vocabulary of Poona and Deccan region in late nineteenth century. Walter Ducat had carried out several projects in important towns like Bombay, Gujarat in India simultaneously 17 Jaymala Deddee and Samita Gupta, Pune Queen of the Deccan.cit., 175. 18 Sir Bartle Frere was Governor of Bombay presidency from 1862-67 initiated public building activities in neo-Gothic style 19 Das Pradip Kumar, Henry Irwin and the Indo Saracenic Movement reconsidered.cit. 20 Enlightenment is used for awareness of science, western technologies and art getting widespread in elites from India in nineteenth century architecture context. They tried to imitate to some extent for their construction activities. 21 Preeti Chopra, A Joint Enterprise: Indian Elites and the Making of British Bombay, (University of Minnesota Press, April 2011), 90. Muncherji Cowasji Murzban as assistant engineer worked on several projects in Mumbai in association with royal engineers and local philanthropists. 22 Colonel Walter Mardon Ducat R.E. hence used as 'Walter Ducat' 23 Local engineer from Poona, Rao Bahadur Vasudev Bapuj Kanitkar hence used as 'Vasudev Kanitkar' 11 Kolhapur, Ahmedabad24, Poona, Dhuley25 and Sholapur. He worked as executive engineer, urban designer and simultaneously was mastermind behind projects like Gokak water mill, Poona drainage layout and so on. He started his career as Second Lieutenant then became Lieutenant colonel then executive engineer and ended his official career as Superintending engineer in Deccan.26 His collaborative works with local engineers and his contemporaries like Charles Mant27 are important to note. His experience of work in Indian conditions led him to develop his skills as technical expert and designer, which later exemplified in the cases of two covered markets in Poona. In this chapter his technical and practical solutions for various proposals, executed projects are highlighted with various instances. Whereas Vasudev Kanitkar worked with Charles Mant, Chishom28, Trubshaw29 and Walter Ducat in towns like Baroda, Bombay, and Poona as Indian contractor. He was nominated as Rao Bahadur by British government for his important role in construction activity in Deccan.30 Laxmi vilas Palace in Baroda, Secretariat Building, High court in Bombay and Reay/ Phule market Poona are some of his major contribution in the architectural development under Bombay Presidency as an Indian local contractor. His self executed projects in Poona left his mark as significant designer and engineer in late nineteenth century. Educational, official, Public, and domestic buildings show his advancement from local contractor to designer with his intricacy of work. His influences originated from the earlier work experiences of varied projects amalgamated with local traditional workmanship lead into development of style could be named as local Indo-Saracenic architecture. This could be perceived in his own designs executed in Poona such as Fergusson College, Anandashram31, 24 Dhuley is a historic town located at north part of Maharashtra state 25 Ahmdabad is the largest city of Gujrat a states of India, known for its great tradition of local and modern architecture. 26 Second Lieutenant and Lieutenant colonel are ranks in British Army, but Walter Ducat appointed under PWD for infrastructural development. As per Medley's book he mentions Executive engineer had to work under Superintending Engineer. He is responsible person for executing various projects right from Barracks, Road developments, Railway to layout and construct. Designs, estimations and workings drawings are made under guidance of superintendent and execution is done under his supervision. 27 Charles Mant important from Indo-Saracenic designers series in India. He joined as Royal Engineer in Indian PWD, he designed Laxmi Vilas Palace (1878) for ruler of Baroda Sayajirao Gaekwad , New Palace Kolhapur (1878), Mayo School Ajmer and Palace at Darbhanga. 28 Architect Robert Fellowes Chisholm famous for Indo-Saracenic works in India. To mentions few of his important works are Bombay Yatch Club, execution of Laxmi Vilas Palace after Mant, University of Madras(1874-79), Lawrence Asylum building(1865) 29 Lieutenant colonel Trubshaw appointed on Bombay Rampart removal committee and worked on several remarkable projects in Bombay such as General Post Office, Elphinston College(1975), High court (1878), Plan for Bombay. 30 Lethbridge Roper, The Golden Book of India, (London, Macmillan and Co., 1893), 566. This is Genealogical and Biographical dictionary of the ruling princes, chiefs, nobles and other personages, titles or decorated of the Indian Empire. 31 Anandashram (1888) trust located in Poona, founded by Mahadev Chimnaji Apte for providing residential facility for middle and economically weaker class students. It also publishes books for Sanskrit and has collection of manuscripts. 12 Sangamashram32 and Pune Nagar Vachan Mandir (Poona Native Library)33 and so on. His contribution as a local contractor and designer working in collaboration with Royal Engineers and local social reformists like Bhandarkar34 and Apate35 is underlined in the further discussions. Main focus is on his role in the development of architectural vocabulary in late nineteenth century Poona. In the fifth part analysis of covered markets developed in Poona with the support of primary and secondary sources is done. Nine covered markets Lambert Market Karachi, Tollington Market Lahore, Crawford Market Bombay, Bolten Market Karachi, Hogg Stuart Market Calcutta, Empress market Karachi, Reay/ Phule Market, Shivaji / Connaught market, Moore Market and were built in India during eclectic movement of late nineteenth century. All endured and still in use, out of which Reay and Shivaji market exists in Poona. These are instances of 'Public landscapes' as idiom used by Preeti Chopra in case of Bombay, which is pertinent in case of Poona too. Two markets in Poona are unique examples of covered markets in India during this phase. In both the projects Walter Ducat was involved as a designer and exponent. Different contractors built these two markets in the year 1886 which in turn reflect the choices of architectural vocabulary used. Both have followed entirely distinctive models. Two uniquely designed covered markets are benchmarks in the context of old core and cantonment area of Poona. There are very few references and primary sources available on these markets. Original drawings are not available to refer and designer Walter Ducat is not very well acknowledged for these markets in historic documents. Perhaps his references in some local articles are mentioned wrongly. Walter Ducat and Vasudev Kanitkar's contribution in architectural development of Poona need more research to understand their collaborative landmark project of Reay market/ Phule Mandai located at the heart of the city. Two covered markets emerged in Poona during 19th century were resultant of eclectic movement followed to a larger scale in India by royal engineers and local contractors. Thought the models adopted from western roots they mark their difference as a language self developed and experimented by local contractors in terms of ornamentation, decoration, use of material and construction techniques. This research will contribute in deriving the method of architectural research that is helpful in understanding architectural history of a particular case in its socioeconomic and political context. This study will try to analyze European models with various influences, inspirations from varied styles and sources how implemented with modifications in local conditions. In extension this will support in understanding history of Public Architecture typology of covered market as an emerging typology in India during late nineteenth century. Along with this it can be probably a tool to understand different aspects and layers of study related to architectural vocabulary developed in late 19th century designed and executed by Royal engineers in association with Indian local contractors. ; Colonial rule had influenced 19th century monumental Architecture as a form of imperial expression in India. European concepts of architecture reached the Asian subcontinent through visuals, literature, paintings and pattern books. Various examples from this neoclassical and neo gothic phase, also referred to as Anglo-Indian1, Indo-Sarasanic2, Indo Gothic3, Mughal Gothic4, Neogothic, Hindoo or Hindu5 Gothic architectural style that could be experiential at various levels and scales. This new vocabulary tried to reach not only the major cities under colonial rule but it reached the smaller towns and countryside instantaneously.6 7 Calcutta, Madras, Bombay procured their identity during the late eighteenth and nineteenth century beginning with neoclassical era. These three presidency towns developed with sculptural indications of the colonial rule. This was an effort of collaborative works between locals and British officials. Comparatively smaller towns like Poona8 tried to nurture its space as a part of this wave in their own way. Notably these emerging urban patterns gave rise to new public realm and social spaces. This research is divided into five parts commencing with literature review. Review of books, annals, travelogues, helps understand the context of research that is covered in detail in the further discussions. Diverse aspects of the colonial, with elements of local architecture developed in late 19th century India, are covered by various travellers, artists, historians and architects. This helps in developing frame of research and knowing what could be our contribution to the state of art. The first chapter analyses 19th century architecture developed in India and especially the Deccan9 as a result 1 Word Anglo-Indian architecture is used for style with English and Indian elements. Anglo-Indian is used by various British officers referring to person relating to England and India or a person of mixed English and Indian descent or an English person who lives or has lived for a long time in India. 2 Indo-Saracenic style mainly demonstrated by British architects and engineers to mention few Stevens, Chisholm, Beg, Charles Mant worked with local Indian contractors used Indo-Islamic and Indian architectural elements with Gothic revival style for various public buildings in India during late nineteenth century. Word Saracenic is used for people lived in desert areas nearby Roman province of Arabia. Meyer Schapiro defines style as "the constant form –and sometimes the constant elements, qualities and expression- in the art of an individual or group." Gothic revival styles defined empire style after great rebel of 1857. East India Company dissolved its powers and concentrated Queen Victoria's control on India lead in the development of architectural style using Gothic forms in Public buildings. 3 Indo Gothic phrase mainly indicates mix of Indian and Indo-Islamic forms with European Gothic style. 4 Mughal Gothic denotes elements from Mughal and Gothic architecture flourished in India in late nineteenth century. Mughal ruler was Muslim dynasty of Turkish Mongol called as Mughal rulers, ruled from 16th to mid 18th century in northern part of India. 5 Hindu or Hindoo word is generally referred to people from India. It's a pronunciation derived from Sindhu/ Indus River largest in India. 6 Jan Morris, Simon Winchester, Introduction to Stones of Empire: The buildings of the Raj, (Oxford University Press, 1983) 7 Das Pradip Kumar, Henry Irwin and the Indo Saracenic Movement reconsidered, (Partridge Publishing, 2014),5. 8 Poona is pronounced as 'Pune' in colloquial language. For research writing purpose it is used as Poona as the name used earlier in 19th century. 9 Deccan is a peninsular plateau located in central India comprised states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra. In this research western Deccan is mainly referred to western part of Maharashtra state developed under 8 of British initiative of infrastructure development following European models in Indian settings mainly for their own determination. With the examples of individual pattern of architectural expression it is significant to note how western models adapted in local climatic and geographical context. Some call this as magnificent pieces of architecture to some extent while in opinion of few these Indo Saracenic structures were unacquainted and had obsessive ornamentation too.10 Emergence of Public architecture in urban context focusing on essentials of European and local migrations were erected with western concepts. Collaborative works of European notions with Indian features lead to eclecticism in the manifestation of architectural style developed.11 Bombay presidency. 10 Das Pradip Kumar, Henry Irwin and the Indo Saracenic Movement reconsidered .cit., 6. 11 Christopher W., Bombay Gothic, (Mumbai, India Book House Pvt. Ltd., 2002), 131. Eclecticism he explains as "the 'discovery of a repository of styles established a great range of decorative options for architects of the period. In India, this led to the absorption of Hindu (Indo) and Mughal (Saracenic) architectural elements into neo-Gothic and Fig 1 St Paul Cathedral Foundation Stone laid by Bartle Frere (1863), Source: Photo by Lavand Vaidehi Fig 2 Deccan College Foundation Stone laid by Bartle Frere (1864), Source: Photo by Lavand Vaidehi Figure 3 Deccan College Poona designed by St Clair Wilkins 1868. Designed in Venetian Gothic Style one of the landmark structure in Poona. Source: Photo by Lavand Vaidehi Figure 1 St Paul Cathedral Stone laid by Bartle Frere (1863) Figure 2 Deccan College Foundation Stone laid by Bartle Frere (1864) 9 Royal engineers were the key persons worked in collaboration with local engineers and masons at grass root level in the process of establishing British rule in India. Many of them came from middle and lower class families but reached greater heights by their performance. Diverse projects from basic architectural interventions, railway, bridges, basic infrastructure, and services were coordinated in India. They worked on European models in local context with successful and unsuccessful efforts.12 To explain this further, till early nineteenth century simple and function based structures built for residential and religious purposes. Engineers were experimenting and modifying European models considering local climatic conditions. From mid nineteenth century building construction activity received more attention as vocabulary of Raj13. Which kept on changing adapting local climate, material and incorporation of local traditional art forms in architecture. This argument extends with the cases of medieval town planning, comprising meandering roads for warfare strategies with fortress at a central location of main axis of town, those were extended with grid Iron pattern. This could be grasped prominently in case of towns where cantonments were developed under colonial rule like Ahmadnagar, Sholapur (Solapur), Kolhapur,14 and Poona in Deccan context under Bombay presidency. Multiethnic, cosmopolitan settlements took place in these newly developed areas.15 Cantonments flourished with residential units for British Officers and market space known as Sadar Bazar mainly comprising migrating communities like Parsi, Bohara, Tamils and Gujarati16 to serve neo-classical compositions. Sometimes the buildings were pure enough in their use of indigenous stylistic sources to be called 'Indo-Saracenic' in other instances they were not, merely certain elements or certain areas of the building exhibited these unusually mixed stylistic character." 12 Sandes E. W. C. Lieut. Colonel, Preface The Military Engineer in India, Vol II, (Chatham: Institution of Royal Engineers, 1933), 35. 13 Word Raj indicates British hegemony in India. 14 Ahmadnagar, Sholapur, Kolhapur are few of important historic towns of western Maharashtra developed under Bombay presidency in 19th century 15 Deddee Jaymala and Samita Gupta, Pune Queen of the Deccan.cit Introduction. 16 Parsi, Bohara, Tamils and Gujarati are different trading communities settled in parts of India. Parsi belongs to Iran, Boharas are Muslims from parts of Pakistan and Gujarat, Tamils and Gujarati are from state of Tamilnadu and Figure 4 Reay Market Designed by Walter Ducat and Vasudev Kanitkar Photo by Lavand Vaidehi 10 British residential colonies. This mix culture of Anglo-Indian society reflected in the development of architectural language emerged in the vicinity in several typologies. Then cases of late 19th century Poona developed with its preexisting native town with two cantonments and Sadarbazzar (Market adjacent to cantonment) with evolving typologies of buildings are examined with the support of varied sources. The reasons behind selecting Poona as an example of this process of change in architectural style are its geographical location, political and cultural importance in Deccan region. It was the monsoon capital under Bombay presidency. Two major events such as the railway connecting Poona with Bombay and formation of municipality geared physical expansion of the town.17 Sir Bartle Frere's18 (Fig 1 and 2) initiatives of public building activities in Poona lead in developing face of Poona as an Educational hub, which is well known even today. Building activity at an early stage of colonial expanse was mainly utility based. But later officers in East India Company implemented policy of getting connected with local rulers so they beheld for architectural style that will impress locals and reflect power of colonial rulers. European surveyors and engineers procured and adapted various elements, details and layouts from pattern books for particular site requirements.19 Native philanthropists were inspired by Enlightenment20 and progress that; they tried to implement Neo-gothic revival style at urban level in late nineteenth century.21 Colonial government with local elites shaped cities with new urban infrastructure. European and Indian engineers, architects and artists made designs, whereas Indian laborers, craftsmen and artisans worked on actual execution. In the process, the local teams left their mark on the vocabulary at different levels right from selection of materials, construction techniques, features, and ornamentation. Examples such as Governors bungalow, Deccan College (Fig 3), College of Engineering, Reay Market (Fig 4) and number of churches erected in Poona are very evocative. These monumental scale buildings are still reminiscent of the colonial presence in Poona. Third, fourth and fifth part of research is an original contribution to the state of art, focusing on Contribution of Colonel Walter Marden Ducat R.E.22 and native engineer Rao Bahadur Vasudev Bapuji Kanitkar23 in the development of architectural vocabulary of Poona and Deccan region in late nineteenth century. Walter Ducat had carried out several projects in important towns like Bombay, Gujarat in India simultaneously 17 Jaymala Deddee and Samita Gupta, Pune Queen of the Deccan.cit., 175. 18 Sir Bartle Frere was Governor of Bombay presidency from 1862-67 initiated public building activities in neo-Gothic style 19 Das Pradip Kumar, Henry Irwin and the Indo Saracenic Movement reconsidered.cit. 20 Enlightenment is used for awareness of science, western technologies and art getting widespread in elites from India in nineteenth century architecture context. They tried to imitate to some extent for their construction activities. 21 Preeti Chopra, A Joint Enterprise: Indian Elites and the Making of British Bombay, (University of Minnesota Press, April 2011), 90. Muncherji Cowasji Murzban as assistant engineer worked on several projects in Mumbai in association with royal engineers and local philanthropists. 22 Colonel Walter Mardon Ducat R.E. hence used as 'Walter Ducat' 23 Local engineer from Poona, Rao Bahadur Vasudev Bapuj Kanitkar hence used as 'Vasudev Kanitkar' 11 Kolhapur, Ahmedabad24, Poona, Dhuley25 and Sholapur. He worked as executive engineer, urban designer and simultaneously was mastermind behind projects like Gokak water mill, Poona drainage layout and so on. He started his career as Second Lieutenant then became Lieutenant colonel then executive engineer and ended his official career as Superintending engineer in Deccan.26 His collaborative works with local engineers and his contemporaries like Charles Mant27 are important to note. His experience of work in Indian conditions led him to develop his skills as technical expert and designer, which later exemplified in the cases of two covered markets in Poona. In this chapter his technical and practical solutions for various proposals, executed projects are highlighted with various instances. Whereas Vasudev Kanitkar worked with Charles Mant, Chishom28, Trubshaw29 and Walter Ducat in towns like Baroda, Bombay, and Poona as Indian contractor. He was nominated as Rao Bahadur by British government for his important role in construction activity in Deccan.30 Laxmi vilas Palace in Baroda, Secretariat Building, High court in Bombay and Reay/ Phule market Poona are some of his major contribution in the architectural development under Bombay Presidency as an Indian local contractor. His self executed projects in Poona left his mark as significant designer and engineer in late nineteenth century. Educational, official, Public, and domestic buildings show his advancement from local contractor to designer with his intricacy of work. His influences originated from the earlier work experiences of varied projects amalgamated with local traditional workmanship lead into development of style could be named as local Indo-Saracenic architecture. This could be perceived in his own designs executed in Poona such as Fergusson College, Anandashram31, 24 Dhuley is a historic town located at north part of Maharashtra state 25 Ahmdabad is the largest city of Gujrat a states of India, known for its great tradition of local and modern architecture. 26 Second Lieutenant and Lieutenant colonel are ranks in British Army, but Walter Ducat appointed under PWD for infrastructural development. As per Medley's book he mentions Executive engineer had to work under Superintending Engineer. He is responsible person for executing various projects right from Barracks, Road developments, Railway to layout and construct. Designs, estimations and workings drawings are made under guidance of superintendent and execution is done under his supervision. 27 Charles Mant important from Indo-Saracenic designers series in India. He joined as Royal Engineer in Indian PWD, he designed Laxmi Vilas Palace (1878) for ruler of Baroda Sayajirao Gaekwad , New Palace Kolhapur (1878), Mayo School Ajmer and Palace at Darbhanga. 28 Architect Robert Fellowes Chisholm famous for Indo-Saracenic works in India. To mentions few of his important works are Bombay Yatch Club, execution of Laxmi Vilas Palace after Mant, University of Madras(1874-79), Lawrence Asylum building(1865) 29 Lieutenant colonel Trubshaw appointed on Bombay Rampart removal committee and worked on several remarkable projects in Bombay such as General Post Office, Elphinston College(1975), High court (1878), Plan for Bombay. 30 Lethbridge Roper, The Golden Book of India, (London, Macmillan and Co., 1893), 566. This is Genealogical and Biographical dictionary of the ruling princes, chiefs, nobles and other personages, titles or decorated of the Indian Empire. 31 Anandashram (1888) trust located in Poona, founded by Mahadev Chimnaji Apte for providing residential facility for middle and economically weaker class students. It also publishes books for Sanskrit and has collection of manuscripts. 12 Sangamashram32 and Pune Nagar Vachan Mandir (Poona Native Library)33 and so on. His contribution as a local contractor and designer working in collaboration with Royal Engineers and local social reformists like Bhandarkar34 and Apate35 is underlined in the further discussions. Main focus is on his role in the development of architectural vocabulary in late nineteenth century Poona. In the fifth part analysis of covered markets developed in Poona with the support of primary and secondary sources is done. Nine covered markets Lambert Market Karachi, Tollington Market Lahore, Crawford Market Bombay, Bolten Market Karachi, Hogg Stuart Market Calcutta, Empress market Karachi, Reay/ Phule Market, Shivaji / Connaught market, Moore Market and were built in India during eclectic movement of late nineteenth century. All endured and still in use, out of which Reay and Shivaji market exists in Poona. These are instances of 'Public landscapes' as idiom used by Preeti Chopra in case of Bombay, which is pertinent in case of Poona too. Two markets in Poona are unique examples of covered markets in India during this phase. In both the projects Walter Ducat was involved as a designer and exponent. Different contractors built these two markets in the year 1886 which in turn reflect the choices of architectural vocabulary used. Both have followed entirely distinctive models. Two uniquely designed covered markets are benchmarks in the context of old core and cantonment area of Poona. There are very few references and primary sources available on these markets. Original drawings are not available to refer and designer Walter Ducat is not very well acknowledged for these markets in historic documents. Perhaps his references in some local articles are mentioned wrongly. Walter Ducat and Vasudev Kanitkar's contribution in architectural development of Poona need more research to understand their collaborative landmark project of Reay market/ Phule Mandai located at the heart of the city. Two covered markets emerged in Poona during 19th century were resultant of eclectic movement followed to a larger scale in India by royal engineers and local contractors. Thought the models adopted from western roots they mark their difference as a language self developed and experimented by local contractors in terms of ornamentation, decoration, use of material and construction techniques. This research will contribute in deriving the method of architectural research that is helpful in understanding architectural history of a particular case in its socioeconomic and political context. This study will try to analyze European models with various influences, inspirations from varied styles and sources how implemented with modifications in local conditions. In extension this will support in understanding history of Public Architecture typology of covered market as an emerging typology in India during late nineteenth century. Along with this it can be probably a tool to understand different aspects and layers of study related to architectural vocabulary developed in late 19th century designed and executed by Royal engineers in association with Indian local contractors.
WOS:000637025600004 ; Early-18th century is accepted as a significant turning point in the Ottoman history, due to the intellectual and cultural transformations and social developments taking place in political, economic, artistic, and architectural fields of life. This era, corresponding to the reign of Ahmet III and grand vizierate of Ibrahim Pasha, was later defined as the "Tulip Period" and attained contradicting meanings. Especially the novel architectural forms of the period and their source of inspiration became a point of discussion. Offering a historiographical perspective, this article articulates the changing meanings and contradicting connotations attributed to the so-called Tulip Period, during the late-Ottoman and early-Republican periods. Court poetry of the early-18th century provides us clues for understanding the contemporaries' perception of their environment, which took the city and its architectural elements as a subject, praising their novel forms, innovative designs, unseen beauties, and unique ornamentations. Young Turk era marks a turning point in the perception and instrumentalization of the past and it introduced a critical perspective towards the "Tulip Period", which was defined as the beginning of Westernization and divergence from the Classical Ottoman art and architecture. This narrative adopted by the early-Republican architects associated the era with corruption and decline. Scrutinizing texts written by Ottoman and Republican architects, the article takes this transformative era of encounter, ambiguity and hybridity as an immanent experience of Early Modernity. ; Barakat Trust ; I thank the Barakat Trust for supporting my postdoctoral research at the University of Oxford, during which I developed this article. I am also grateful to Irvin Cemil Schick for helping me with the English translations of Nedim's poetry. I am thankful to anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments on the earlier versions of this manuscript.
Durante el Siglo de las Luces surgieron una serie de textos que promovieron el saber útil y redefinieron el papel del arte en la sociedad; al margen del desarrollo de la teoría del gusto y de la belleza. A pesar de que la discusión en torno a la utilidad de las artes no es nueva —los retratos funerarios, la escultura ecuestre, la ornamentación arquitectónica así como la pintura en diversos soportes han funcionado como propaganda, pieza de deleite, y/o herramienta pedagógica—; los textos analizados de Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos y Antonio Genovesi explicitan un sentido secular de lo útil que lo diferencia de la funcionalidad barroca; y se vincula con los debates en torno a la respublica. ; During the Age of Enlightenment, a series of texts promoted useful knowledge and redefined the role of art in society, apart from the development of the theory of taste and beauty. Although the discussion on the usefulness of the arts is not new —funerary portraits, equestrian sculpture, architectural ornamentation, as well as painting in various media have functioned as propaganda, pieces of delight, and/or pedagogical tools—; the texts analyzed by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos and Antonio Genovesi make explicit a secular sense of useful art that differentiates it from baroque functionality; and it is linked to the debates on the respublica. ; Instituto de Historia del Arte Argentino y Latinoamericano
International audience ; Das Martinskloster von Savigny war eine mächtige Herrschaft und spielte eine bedeutende Rolle in der politischen undkirchlichen Welt der Lyoner Gegend. Wie andere Häuser auch, nutzte Savigny seine Blütezeit um ehrgeizige Projekte durchzuführen, die seine Interessen schützen und seine Legitimität für alle sichtbar behaupten sollten. Wie die Anlegung seines Chartulars, gehörte der Neubau seiner Hauptkirche zwischen dem Ende des 11. und den Beginn des 13. Jhs. voll und ganz zu diesen Bestrebungen. Dieses in seinem Umfang und seiner Architektur monumentale Gotteshaus wurde in den Jahren nach der französischen Revolution geplündert und anschließend fast vollständig abgetragen. Lange Zeit blieb es von der Forschung vernachlässigt, da man es innerhalb des Dorfes nicht lokalisieren konnte. Jedoch konnten neue, interdisziplinäre Untersuchungen archäologische, historische und liturgische Quellen von bislang ungeahntem Reichtum zu Tage fördern. Dadurch kann nunmehr nicht nur die Geschichte dieser Kirche im Laufe der Jahrhunderte dargestellt werden, sondern auch eine Rekonstruktion ihres mittelalterlichen Zustandes versucht werden. ; The abbey of Savigny (Rhône) was a mighty ecclesiastical seigneury which occupied, in the Middle Ages, an important place in the political and religious landscape of the Lyon region. Like other establishments, it took advantage of its peak to carry out ambitious projects aimed at protecting its interests and showing everyone its legitimacy and ambition. Like its cartulary, the reconstruction of its principal church, between the end of the 11th and the beginning of the 13th centuries, participated fully in this undertaking. This place of worship was monumental by its dimensions and by its architecture. It was plundered then almost completely destroyed during the years that followed the French revolution. It was neglected for a long time by the scholars who were not interested in a church impossible to locate in the village. Some recent and cross-disciplinary researches ...
International audience ; Das Martinskloster von Savigny war eine mächtige Herrschaft und spielte eine bedeutende Rolle in der politischen undkirchlichen Welt der Lyoner Gegend. Wie andere Häuser auch, nutzte Savigny seine Blütezeit um ehrgeizige Projekte durchzuführen, die seine Interessen schützen und seine Legitimität für alle sichtbar behaupten sollten. Wie die Anlegung seines Chartulars, gehörte der Neubau seiner Hauptkirche zwischen dem Ende des 11. und den Beginn des 13. Jhs. voll und ganz zu diesen Bestrebungen. Dieses in seinem Umfang und seiner Architektur monumentale Gotteshaus wurde in den Jahren nach der französischen Revolution geplündert und anschließend fast vollständig abgetragen. Lange Zeit blieb es von der Forschung vernachlässigt, da man es innerhalb des Dorfes nicht lokalisieren konnte. Jedoch konnten neue, interdisziplinäre Untersuchungen archäologische, historische und liturgische Quellen von bislang ungeahntem Reichtum zu Tage fördern. Dadurch kann nunmehr nicht nur die Geschichte dieser Kirche im Laufe der Jahrhunderte dargestellt werden, sondern auch eine Rekonstruktion ihres mittelalterlichen Zustandes versucht werden. ; The abbey of Savigny (Rhône) was a mighty ecclesiastical seigneury which occupied, in the Middle Ages, an important place in the political and religious landscape of the Lyon region. Like other establishments, it took advantage of its peak to carry out ambitious projects aimed at protecting its interests and showing everyone its legitimacy and ambition. Like its cartulary, the reconstruction of its principal church, between the end of the 11th and the beginning of the 13th centuries, participated fully in this undertaking. This place of worship was monumental by its dimensions and by its architecture. It was plundered then almost completely destroyed during the years that followed the French revolution. It was neglected for a long time by the scholars who were not interested in a church impossible to locate in the village. Some recent and cross-disciplinary researches ...
International audience ; Das Martinskloster von Savigny war eine mächtige Herrschaft und spielte eine bedeutende Rolle in der politischen undkirchlichen Welt der Lyoner Gegend. Wie andere Häuser auch, nutzte Savigny seine Blütezeit um ehrgeizige Projekte durchzuführen, die seine Interessen schützen und seine Legitimität für alle sichtbar behaupten sollten. Wie die Anlegung seines Chartulars, gehörte der Neubau seiner Hauptkirche zwischen dem Ende des 11. und den Beginn des 13. Jhs. voll und ganz zu diesen Bestrebungen. Dieses in seinem Umfang und seiner Architektur monumentale Gotteshaus wurde in den Jahren nach der französischen Revolution geplündert und anschließend fast vollständig abgetragen. Lange Zeit blieb es von der Forschung vernachlässigt, da man es innerhalb des Dorfes nicht lokalisieren konnte. Jedoch konnten neue, interdisziplinäre Untersuchungen archäologische, historische und liturgische Quellen von bislang ungeahntem Reichtum zu Tage fördern. Dadurch kann nunmehr nicht nur die Geschichte dieser Kirche im Laufe der Jahrhunderte dargestellt werden, sondern auch eine Rekonstruktion ihres mittelalterlichen Zustandes versucht werden. ; The abbey of Savigny (Rhône) was a mighty ecclesiastical seigneury which occupied, in the Middle Ages, an important place in the political and religious landscape of the Lyon region. Like other establishments, it took advantage of its peak to carry out ambitious projects aimed at protecting its interests and showing everyone its legitimacy and ambition. Like its cartulary, the reconstruction of its principal church, between the end of the 11th and the beginning of the 13th centuries, participated fully in this undertaking. This place of worship was monumental by its dimensions and by its architecture. It was plundered then almost completely destroyed during the years that followed the French revolution. It was neglected for a long time by the scholars who were not interested in a church impossible to locate in the village. Some recent and cross-disciplinary researches ...
International audience ; Das Martinskloster von Savigny war eine mächtige Herrschaft und spielte eine bedeutende Rolle in der politischen undkirchlichen Welt der Lyoner Gegend. Wie andere Häuser auch, nutzte Savigny seine Blütezeit um ehrgeizige Projekte durchzuführen, die seine Interessen schützen und seine Legitimität für alle sichtbar behaupten sollten. Wie die Anlegung seines Chartulars, gehörte der Neubau seiner Hauptkirche zwischen dem Ende des 11. und den Beginn des 13. Jhs. voll und ganz zu diesen Bestrebungen. Dieses in seinem Umfang und seiner Architektur monumentale Gotteshaus wurde in den Jahren nach der französischen Revolution geplündert und anschließend fast vollständig abgetragen. Lange Zeit blieb es von der Forschung vernachlässigt, da man es innerhalb des Dorfes nicht lokalisieren konnte. Jedoch konnten neue, interdisziplinäre Untersuchungen archäologische, historische und liturgische Quellen von bislang ungeahntem Reichtum zu Tage fördern. Dadurch kann nunmehr nicht nur die Geschichte dieser Kirche im Laufe der Jahrhunderte dargestellt werden, sondern auch eine Rekonstruktion ihres mittelalterlichen Zustandes versucht werden. ; The abbey of Savigny (Rhône) was a mighty ecclesiastical seigneury which occupied, in the Middle Ages, an important place in the political and religious landscape of the Lyon region. Like other establishments, it took advantage of its peak to carry out ambitious projects aimed at protecting its interests and showing everyone its legitimacy and ambition. Like its cartulary, the reconstruction of its principal church, between the end of the 11th and the beginning of the 13th centuries, participated fully in this undertaking. This place of worship was monumental by its dimensions and by its architecture. It was plundered then almost completely destroyed during the years that followed the French revolution. It was neglected for a long time by the scholars who were not interested in a church impossible to locate in the village. Some recent and cross-disciplinary researches ...
International audience ; Das Martinskloster von Savigny war eine mächtige Herrschaft und spielte eine bedeutende Rolle in der politischen undkirchlichen Welt der Lyoner Gegend. Wie andere Häuser auch, nutzte Savigny seine Blütezeit um ehrgeizige Projekte durchzuführen, die seine Interessen schützen und seine Legitimität für alle sichtbar behaupten sollten. Wie die Anlegung seines Chartulars, gehörte der Neubau seiner Hauptkirche zwischen dem Ende des 11. und den Beginn des 13. Jhs. voll und ganz zu diesen Bestrebungen. Dieses in seinem Umfang und seiner Architektur monumentale Gotteshaus wurde in den Jahren nach der französischen Revolution geplündert und anschließend fast vollständig abgetragen. Lange Zeit blieb es von der Forschung vernachlässigt, da man es innerhalb des Dorfes nicht lokalisieren konnte. Jedoch konnten neue, interdisziplinäre Untersuchungen archäologische, historische und liturgische Quellen von bislang ungeahntem Reichtum zu Tage fördern. Dadurch kann nunmehr nicht nur die Geschichte dieser Kirche im Laufe der Jahrhunderte dargestellt werden, sondern auch eine Rekonstruktion ihres mittelalterlichen Zustandes versucht werden. ; The abbey of Savigny (Rhône) was a mighty ecclesiastical seigneury which occupied, in the Middle Ages, an important place in the political and religious landscape of the Lyon region. Like other establishments, it took advantage of its peak to carry out ambitious projects aimed at protecting its interests and showing everyone its legitimacy and ambition. Like its cartulary, the reconstruction of its principal church, between the end of the 11th and the beginning of the 13th centuries, participated fully in this undertaking. This place of worship was monumental by its dimensions and by its architecture. It was plundered then almost completely destroyed during the years that followed the French revolution. It was neglected for a long time by the scholars who were not interested in a church impossible to locate in the village. Some recent and cross-disciplinary researches ...
