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This paper provides a theoretical framework and elements of a causal model to explain the Arab revolutions occurred in 2011(1). The main thesis of the model is that Arab regimes' policies- in terms of their inherent nature, structure, and outcomes- created a certain individual and collective psychological makeup which, in turn, has transformed the rational calculating modalities for both individuals and groups. Essentially, there are patterns of ordering preferences and types of strategic interactions, both individually and collectively. The aforementioned components of the thesis are elaborated as follows: The regimes' policies and their outcomes represent the macro-level of analysis, the individual rational calculations and corresponding decisions pertain to the micro-level, and the impact of the psychological makeup on calculations and preferences provides for the bridge between the two modes of analysis, the link being the notion of dignity. Drawing from diverse sources and theories, the model attempts to bring the notion of dignity into political science analysis, claiming that it is the only proper explanatory link between the rigidity of structuralism and the justification of agency.

Axford, B.: Talk about a revolution : social media and the MENA uprisings. - S. 131-136

U.S. policy on the Arab revolutions 18 months in : what have we accomplished? The fourth annual Ernest May memorial lecture : The old Middle East and the new / Richard N. Haass. - Obama's strategy for the "Arab Spring" revolutions : what has the administration tried to do, and how well has it succeeded? / David Ignatius. - The Obama response : has it been effective? Has the Obama response to the Arab revolutions been effective? : yes, not really, and probably too soon to tell / Peter Feaver. - Obama and the Arab awakenings : U.S. Middle East strategy in a time of turmoil / Martin Indyk. - Egypt : what happened to the revolution? : how should the U.S. respond? Losing Egypt / Tarek Masoud. - Egypt : how should the U.S. respond? Dilemmas and recommendations for U.S. policy / Michèle Flournoy and Melissa Dalton. - The U.S.-Iran dynamic : diplomacy or confrontation? Iran options outline / Stephen J. Hadley ; Iran : A bomb or be bombed? / Graham Allison. - Trade, aid, and investment : building and economic recovery. Middle East and north Africa : historic context, current situation, and possible implications of the "Arab Spring" / Kito de Boer. - U.S. policy going forward : what should America do now? Revising U.S. strategy in light of the Arab uprisings / Colin H. Kahl

The upheavals that have been shaking the Arab-Muslim world are revolutions in discourse as well as in the streets. Arabs are using not only traditional and religious vocabularies, but also a new set of expressions that are modern and represent popular aspirations. We now seem to be at a moment when large strata in Arab societies (and in developing countries more broadly) have reached a state of real disenchantment with utopias, and seem to be ready for other forms of political participation. The conviction that there are alternatives to the kinds of regimes that have for so long imposed themselves on Arab societies—that life under this or that brand of dictatorship and unaccountable rule emphatically does not have to be the Arabs' fate—seems to have taken hold of the collective imagination.

The Great Arab Revolt of 2011 has moved swiftly from the peaceful overthrow of autocrats in the nation‐states of Tunisia and Egypt to brutal repression in the tribal societies of Libya, Syria, Bahrain and Yemen.Meanwhile, the wired youth bulge of the Middle East that brought change is dissipating into an impotent diaspora while the organized interests of the old regimes and the once‐suppressed Islamists charge ahead to power. This section examines the revolt, the reaction and the power struggles in its aftermath.

Turkey's foreign policy has been drawing considerable attention particularly because of the momentous transformations in the Middle East. The visits of Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan and Foreign Minister Ahmet Davuoglu to Egypt, Libya, and Tunisia in September 2011 and their subsequent visits to the region underscored the rise of Turkey's involvement in the region. The Arab Spring came at a time when Turkey's relations with the United States, Israel and the European Union were going through significant turbulence. 2010 proved to be a particularly difficult year for Turkey's place in the transatlantic community. The Gaza flotilla crisis in June 2010 - ending with Israeli forces killing eight Turkish citizens - and Turkey's "no" vote to a new round of sanctions against Iran at the United Nations (UN) Security Council that same month triggered a heated debate on Turkey's relations with the West, which led popular American columnists such as Tom Friedman to go as far as arguing that Ankara was now joining the "Hamas- Hezbollah-Iran resistance front against Israel." While this was a clear exaggeration, it indicated the scope of debate on the eve of the Arab Spring. Since the Arab Spring, the Western discourse about Turkey has dramatically changed. Instead of asking "who lost Turkey" or complaining about the Islamization of Turkish foreign policy, analysts began discussing whether the new regimes in the Arab world would follow the "Turkish model." This article aims to analyze the Turkish approach to the Middle East and the Arab revolutions, the main determinants of Turkish foreign policy and diplomacy in the Middle East and the debate on "Turkish Model. What has changed, or has not, during and after the Arab Spring?