Suchergebnisse

The purpose of this essay is to consider the response of the Supreme Court of the United States to two general aspects of racial discrimination: first, discrimination as restrictive of political freedom and, second,discrimination as restrictive of the enjoyment of such social advantages as the acquisition and occupancy of real estate, transportation and education.

When studying Black politics, Brazil is an important country to consider because of its large Afro-descended population, its history of slavery, and persistent racial and economic inequality. In this article, I examine the role perceptions of racial discrimination play on the economic well-being of the Black Afro-Brazilian population. I test the hypothesis that, as Afro-Brazilians' perceptions of racial discrimination increase, the more likely it is they will hold a pessimistic view of their economic situation. I rely on 2010 national data to conduct an ordered logit regression analysis which shows that Black and Brown Brazilians who have experienced racial discrimination are more likely to be pessimistic about their economic situation when compared with Blacks and Browns who have not experienced racial discrimination. In addition, ordered logit regression analysis demonstrates that respondents who admit experiencing racial discrimination are more likely to be women, identify as preto, and have more education.

The drive to end racial discrimination now extends beyond blatant racial distinctions to less obvious and less intentional forms of unequal treatment; nonetheless, there still exist laws and governmental programs that are racially neutral on their face but that may have a racially discriminatory impact in practice. Such discrimination can take place when economic and social welfare legislation, lacking a sound economic grounding, attacks symptoms rather than causes and thereby unintentionally compounds the problems facing black people. At the same time, laws that are at the root of unequal treatment seem to go unchallenged. From the point of view of the victim of discrimination, it matters little whether the root of the problem is racists acting with an intent to cause racially discriminatory impact or nonracists acting with no such purpose but causing the same discriminatory result. The black person is denied an education, a job, or a house just the same. This Article will propose a new direction for law reforms that focuses upon the impact of laws on the causes of unequal treatment; it advocates extending the scope of the equal protection clause to cover racial discrimination resulting from economic and social welfare legislation. The basic rule in this analysis is that the impact of a law on black people is the determining factor, not the intentions of those who design and promote the law.

Summit Conference of Independent African States meeting in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from 22 to 25 May 1963 ; The imperious and urgent necessity of co-ordinating and intensifying efforts to put an end to the South African Government's criminal policy of apartheid and wipe out racial discrimination in all its forms.