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This paper presents a case study of the origins of Progresa–Oportunidades, the conditional cash transfer program for which Mexico has gained an international reputation. The main argument is that, though Mexico is held up as a leader in this area, this is little more than a façade. Rather, Mexico is used by the World Bank to propel its favoured policies and NAFTA has limited its ability to engage in autonomous policymaking. Furthermore, it is shown that the alleged role of Mexico as an emerging power is misleading and that we can best characterize it as a sinking middle power.

AbstractIn this article, I investigate a hypothesis concerning the supposed influence of Spinoza on Marx's works. Setting out from a comment made by Althusser – '[Spinoza] is the only direct ancestor of Marx' – I try to demonstrate that even though the relationship between Spinoza and Marx has limited support at a historiographical level, a determined set of ideas of Spinoza can be connected to some of Marx's political objectives in the period prior to 1845. This argument is supported through Marx's notebooks devoted to studying Spinoza's Theological-Political Treatise, written in 1841, and his refutation of Spinoza in The Holy Family. However, contrary to what could be expected, when Marx abandoned his most pronounced idealistic phase, within which Spinoza played a certain role, he rebelled against Spinozism at the same time. Nonetheless, it is one thing to repudiate Spinoza's name, and a very different thing to repudiate Spinoza's ideas.

Purpose. The aim of this research is to reveal some issues of the criminalization of trading in influence. Design/methodology/approach. This analysis is based both on theoretical and empirical methods. Findings. Preliminary results of this research reveal the tendency to include all elements of active and passive trading in influence, provided in the Article 12 of the Council of Europe Criminal Law Convention on Corruption (hereinafter – the Convention), into the definition, established in the national criminal law. Therefore, for example, there are a lot of terms, also superfluous terms, in the definition of active and passive trading in influence in the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania. However, the usage of superfluous words in definition could really complicate the proper application of the criminal law.In the case of pretended and not real influence, the protected interest of both trading in influence and fraud is important to distinct these crimes. However, the pretended and not real influence is the feature of trading in influence in Lithuania because the legislator pursued the implementation of all recommendations of the Group of States against Corruption (hereinafter – GRECO). Research limitations/implications. First of all, this research reveals the concept of trading in influence as a principal offence established in the Convention. This analysis is limited to the text of the Convention and GRECO's recommendations. Secondly, it tries to provide an answer to the question what is the line between two offences – fraud and trading in influence. Other issues related to the criminalization of trading in influence have not been included in this research. Practical implications. The results of this research may be useful in further research on trading in influence, also, this study would be relevant to the scholars and practitioners (judges, prosecutors, pre-trial investigation officers). Originality/Value. The criminalization of corruption-related offences is a key topic for discussions. So far, in Lithuania the majority of legal studies have been concentrated on bribery, sanctions for corruption offences. In absolute majority of scientific articles on corruption offences the implementation of the Article 12 of the Convention is only mentioned, but not thoroughly analyzed. Scientists from foreign countries analyzed their national regulation of trading in influence and compared with international standards as well as the regulation of some other countries.

Purpose. The aim of this research is to reveal some issues of the criminalization of trading in influence. Design/methodology/approach. This analysis is based both on theoretical and empirical methods. Findings. Preliminary results of this research reveal the tendency to include all elements of active and passive trading in influence, provided in the Article 12 of the Council of Europe Criminal Law Convention on Corruption (hereinafter – the Convention), into the definition, established in the national criminal law. Therefore, for example, there are a lot of terms, also superfluous terms, in the definition of active and passive trading in influence in the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania. However, the usage of superfluous words in definition could really complicate the proper application of the criminal law.In the case of pretended and not real influence, the protected interest of both trading in influence and fraud is important to distinct these crimes. However, the pretended and not real influence is the feature of trading in influence in Lithuania because the legislator pursued the implementation of all recommendations of the Group of States against Corruption (hereinafter – GRECO). Research limitations/implications. First of all, this research reveals the concept of trading in influence as a principal offence established in the Convention. This analysis is limited to the text of the Convention and GRECO's recommendations. Secondly, it tries to provide an answer to the question what is the line between two offences – fraud and trading in influence. Other issues related to the criminalization of trading in influence have not been included in this research. Practical implications. The results of this research may be useful in further research on trading in influence, also, this study would be relevant to the scholars and practitioners (judges, prosecutors, pre-trial investigation officers). Originality/Value. The criminalization of corruption-related offences is a key topic for discussions. So far, in Lithuania the majority of legal studies have been concentrated on bribery, sanctions for corruption offences. In absolute majority of scientific articles on corruption offences the implementation of the Article 12 of the Convention is only mentioned, but not thoroughly analyzed. Scientists from foreign countries analyzed their national regulation of trading in influence and compared with international standards as well as the regulation of some other countries.

Purpose. The aim of this research is to reveal some issues of the criminalization of trading in influence. Design/methodology/approach. This analysis is based both on theoretical and empirical methods. Findings. Preliminary results of this research reveal the tendency to include all elements of active and passive trading in influence, provided in the Article 12 of the Council of Europe Criminal Law Convention on Corruption (hereinafter – the Convention), into the definition, established in the national criminal law. Therefore, for example, there are a lot of terms, also superfluous terms, in the definition of active and passive trading in influence in the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania. However, the usage of superfluous words in definition could really complicate the proper application of the criminal law.In the case of pretended and not real influence, the protected interest of both trading in influence and fraud is important to distinct these crimes. However, the pretended and not real influence is the feature of trading in influence in Lithuania because the legislator pursued the implementation of all recommendations of the Group of States against Corruption (hereinafter – GRECO). Research limitations/implications. First of all, this research reveals the concept of trading in influence as a principal offence established in the Convention. This analysis is limited to the text of the Convention and GRECO's recommendations. Secondly, it tries to provide an answer to the question what is the line between two offences – fraud and trading in influence. Other issues related to the criminalization of trading in influence have not been included in this research. Practical implications. The results of this research may be useful in further research on trading in influence, also, this study would be relevant to the scholars and practitioners (judges, prosecutors, pre-trial investigation officers). Originality/Value. The criminalization of corruption-related offences is a key topic for discussions. So far, in Lithuania the majority of legal studies have been concentrated on bribery, sanctions for corruption offences. In absolute majority of scientific articles on corruption offences the implementation of the Article 12 of the Convention is only mentioned, but not thoroughly analyzed. Scientists from foreign countries analyzed their national regulation of trading in influence and compared with international standards as well as the regulation of some other countries.

Purpose. The aim of this research is to reveal some issues of the criminalization of trading in influence. Design/methodology/approach. This analysis is based both on theoretical and empirical methods. Findings. Preliminary results of this research reveal the tendency to include all elements of active and passive trading in influence, provided in the Article 12 of the Council of Europe Criminal Law Convention on Corruption (hereinafter – the Convention), into the definition, established in the national criminal law. Therefore, for example, there are a lot of terms, also superfluous terms, in the definition of active and passive trading in influence in the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania. However, the usage of superfluous words in definition could really complicate the proper application of the criminal law.In the case of pretended and not real influence, the protected interest of both trading in influence and fraud is important to distinct these crimes. However, the pretended and not real influence is the feature of trading in influence in Lithuania because the legislator pursued the implementation of all recommendations of the Group of States against Corruption (hereinafter – GRECO). Research limitations/implications. First of all, this research reveals the concept of trading in influence as a principal offence established in the Convention. This analysis is limited to the text of the Convention and GRECO's recommendations. Secondly, it tries to provide an answer to the question what is the line between two offences – fraud and trading in influence. Other issues related to the criminalization of trading in influence have not been included in this research. Practical implications. The results of this research may be useful in further research on trading in influence, also, this study would be relevant to the scholars and practitioners (judges, prosecutors, pre-trial investigation officers). Originality/Value. The criminalization of corruption-related offences is a key topic for discussions. So far, in Lithuania the majority of legal studies have been concentrated on bribery, sanctions for corruption offences. In absolute majority of scientific articles on corruption offences the implementation of the Article 12 of the Convention is only mentioned, but not thoroughly analyzed. Scientists from foreign countries analyzed their national regulation of trading in influence and compared with international standards as well as the regulation of some other countries.

There are basically three things you've asked there. Let me try to—first of all, yes, the President should know. And I can tell you, if I had known about the reports—and, again, these are reports, these are allegations, we have not reached a—as far as I know, no one in the government has reached a conclusive decision about this. So it's very important not to accuse people of something that you don't know they have done. But had we known about the reports, the first thing I would have done is I would have given them to Leon Panetta and to Tony Lake and to Sandy Berger and I'd say, listen, look at these, evaluate them and make recommendations about what, if any, changes we ought to make or what should we be alert to. So it would have provoked at least to that extent a red flag on my part.

David A. Reed, chairman. ; Printed for the use of the Special committee to investigate propaganda or money alleged to have been used by foreign governments to influence United States senators. ; In 5 parts, each with special t.-p. ; pt.1. Hearings, Dec. 15-17, 1927. 1927.--pt.2. Hearings, Dec. 20, 1927. 1928.--pt.3. Hearings, Dec. 27, 1927, and Jan. 4 and 7, 1928. 1928.--pt.4. Hearings, Jan. 6, 1928. 1928.--pt.5. Hearings, Jan. 8, 1929. 1929. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Title varies: [pt.3-5] Investigation of alleged payments by the Mexican Government to the United States Senators. ; Record is based on bibliographic data in CIS US Congressional Committee Hearings Index. Reuse except for individual research requires license from Congressional Information Service, Inc. ; Indexed in CIS US Congressional Committee Hearings Index Part III ; Mode of access: Internet.