Suchergebnisse

The article presents a detailed analysis of the encryption protocols used in air traffic control systems to ensure the security of communication between aircraft and ground systems. The importance of secure communication in air traffic management is highlighted and encryption protocols such as AES, RSA and ECC are examined within the specific context of air traffic control. Special emphasis is placed on secure communication architecture and cryptographic key management solutions. Challenges and solutions in implementing these protocols in complex environments with high security requirements are also discussed.

Given its wide involvement in and recognition by international organizations, China has signed many international agreements and negotiations. This study verified how and the extent to which changes in exogenous factors (e.g., international agreements and negotiations) affect Chinese governmental air protection policy development. Previous studies on policy network theory have demonstrated that exogenous factors affected the development of domestic policies significantly, while in this study little evidence was found to demonstrate the influence of exogenous factors on changes in Chinese policy. Rather, internal factors have played an important role in both its development and transformation. These findings differ from study results on wealthy countries and other developing districts. This study then explores the causes of substandard policy outcomes. To probe this further, policy network theory is applied to explain the gap between the guiding principle of central government&rsquo ; s policies and local implementation in actual practice. By analyzing the strategies of policy actors and specific rules in current Chinese context, the associated limitations and obstacles in the process of policy-making and implementation can be explained from the aspect of bureaucratic system, energy market running mechanism and others. This paper recommends alterations in the current policy and structure based on these findings.

This article seeks to investigate whether the election committees that won seats in the 2019 parliamentary elections had noted the public concerns about the issue of air not meeting the normative standards, and whether they offered Poles a specific vision of an air protection policy in their election manifestoes. This analysis concerns the proposals of election committees to limit low-stack emissions. Answering the research questions posed: (1) to what extent do election manifestoes address the issue of air pollution in Poland?; (2) are the tools for the implementation of environmental policy as concerns the reduction of low-stack emissions indicated, and can they be effective? leads to the conclusion that the successful election committees noted public concerns about air pollution, and addressed air protection policy to a varied extent, though not always presenting specific solutions to eliminate low-stack emissions To achieve the purpose of the research the methods of source and comparative analysis were used.

Nowadays environmental protection and the rational use of natural resources have become priorities of the state-building strategy in almost all developed countries of the world. Effective financing of these activities is required for the development and adoption of national targeted, local programs for environmental protection, for the sustainable development of society, for the rational use and reproduction of natural resources. The article is devoted to the research of the current tendencies of the use of fiscal policy measures in the implementation of the national environmental policy in the sphere of atmospheric air protection in Ukraine. The ways of improvement of environmental taxation and development of the main ways of development and expansion of the system of ecological taxation and ecological governance in Ukraine were discovered. Keywords: atmospheric air, environmental air safety, fiscal policy, environmental taxation, implementation of the national environmental policy,

This article analyzes new challenges in the field of ambient air protection, such as the use of new energy-generating products, and assesses the air quality protection responsibilities of local communities in European Union (EU) Member States. Domestic heating systems are a major source of air pollution. Thus, chimney-sweeping services are very important and must be regulated to provide fire safety and guarantee better ambient air quality. This article analyzes Slovenian legislation regulating chimney-sweeping services and compares the Slovenian laws with comparable laws of other European countries and the national laws of EU Member States to examine the laws' effectiveness in regulating and protecting air quality. More specifically, this article uses legal and economic analyses, to examine the efficiency of current legislation pertaining to chimney-sweeping services. This article concludes that, consistent with theories of asymmetric information and negative externalities, licensing would be more effective in meeting the challenges of ambient air protection, than current exclusive concession agreements, which effectively establish geographical monopolies in chimney-sweeping services. Adapted from the source document.

This paper analyzes new challenges in the field of ambient air protection, such as the use of new energy-generating products, and assesses the air quality protection responsibilities of local communities in European Union (EU) Member States. Domestic heating systems are a major source of air pollution. Thus, chimney-sweeping services are very important and must be regulated to provide fire safety and guarantee better ambient air quality. This paper analyzes Slovenian legislation regulating chimney-sweeping services and compares the Slovenian laws with comparable laws of other European countries and the national laws of EU Member States to examine the laws' effectiveness in regulating and protecting air quality. More specifically, the paper uses legal and economic analyses to examine the efficiency of current legislation pertaining to chimney-sweeping services. The paper concludes that, consistent with theories of asymmetric information and negative externalities, licensing would be more effective in meeting the challenges of ambient air protection than current exclusive concession agreements, which effectively establish geographical monopolies in chimney-sweeping services.

This article seeks to investigate whether the election committees that won seats in the 2019 parliamentary elections had noted the public concerns about the issue of air not meeting the normative standards, and whether they offered Poles a specific vision of an air protection policy in their election manifestoes. This analysis concerns the proposals of election committees to limit low-stack emissions. Answering the research questions posed: (1) to what extent do election manifestoes address the issue of air pollution in Poland?; (2) are the tools for the implementation of environmental policy as concerns the reduction of low-stack emissions indicated, and can they be effective? leads to the conclusion that the successful election committees noted public concerns about air pollution, and addressed air protection policy to a varied extent, though not always presenting specific solutions to eliminate low-stack emissions To achieve the purpose of the research the methods of source and comparative analysis were used. ; Cel artykułu stanowi zbadanie czy komitety wyborcze, które w wyborach parlamentarnych z 2019 r. zdobyły mandaty dostrzegły zaniepokojenie społeczeństwa problemem powietrza niespełniającego normatywnych standardów i zaproponowały Polakom konkretną wizję kreowania polityki ochrony powietrza w swoich programach wyborczych. Analiza koncentruje się na propozycjach komitetów wyborczych ograniczenia tzw. niskiej emisji. Odpowiedzi na postawione pytania badawcze: (1) w jakim zakresie programy wyborcze odnoszą się do kwestii zanieczyszczenia powietrza w Polsce?; (2) czy wskazano narzędzia realizacji polityki ekologicznej w aspekcie odnoszącym się do ograniczenia niskiej emisji i czy mogą one być skuteczne? prowadzą do wniosku, że zwycięskie komitety wyborcze dostrzegły zaniepokojenie społeczeństwa problemem powietrza niespełniającego normatywnych standardów, odnosząc się jednak do polityki ochrony powietrza w zróżnicowanym zakresie, a co za tym idzie, nie zawsze przedstawiając konkretne rozwiązania wyeliminowania niskiej emisji. Próbę odpowiedzi na wskazane pytania podjęto przy wykorzystaniu metody analizy źródeł oraz porównawczej.

Wood pellets, commonly referred to as biomass fuel, are increasingly used in heating and district heating in the European Union countries, including Poland. Their use in class 5 and/or Ecodesign boilers enables an individual consumer to use energy from renewable sources, reduce the environmental burden by reducing the emission of harmful compounds, and provides a sense of comfort by automating the boiler system. The article presents the current situation in the global wood pellet market, describes the basic quality standards applicable to this fuel during production, and indicates the difficulties in the implementation of programs co-financing the replacement of obsolete coal-fired boilers with automatic class 5 biomass-fired boilers. The research presented in this article is focused on the presence of contaminants in the DIN Plus, EN Plus, and A1 pellets, as well as in non-certified pellets. The analysis has shown that the use of wood pellets containing prohibited substances negatively affects boiler operation and contributes to the formation of slag and the emission of harmful compounds, making the discussed fuel non-ecological. Pellet drzewny, potocznie nazywany biomasą, staje się coraz bardziej dostępnym paliwem stosowanym w ogrzewnictwie i ciepłownictwie w krajach Unii Europejskiej, jak również w Polsce. Jego zastosowanie w kotłach grzewczych posiadających 5. klasę lub/i świadectwo Ecodesign umożliwia indywidualnemu konsumentowi wykorzystanie energii pochodzącej ze źródeł odnawialnych, zmniejszenie uciążliwości dla środowiska poprzez redukcję emisji szkodliwych związków do powietrza oraz zapewnia poczucie komfortu użytkowania poprzez automatyzację obsługi urządzenia grzewczego. W artykule przedstawiono bieżącą sytuację na światowym rynku pelletu drzewnego, opisano podstawowe standardy jakości obowiązujące dla tego paliwa podczas produkcji oraz wskazano trudności w realizacji programów dofinansujących wymianę starych kotłów węglowych na kotły automatyczne 5. klasy na biomasę. Badania prezentowane w niniejszej publikacji ukazują problem, jakim jest obecność niedozwolonych zanieczyszczeń zarówno w certyfikowanym pellecie DIN Plus, EN Plus A1 jak i takim, który tego certyfikatu nie posiada. Badania te dowodzą, że stosowanie pelletów drzewnych, w których zastosowano niedozwolone substancje, wpływają negatywnie na pracę kotła, powodują powstawanie twardych spieków żużlowych i wprowadzają szkodliwe związki do atmosfery powodując, że to paliwo staje się nieekologiczne.