Suchergebnisse

The warming of the Earth's temperature due to human activities, known as anthropogenic climate change, is a threat to the environment and human health. The transportation sector is a major contributor to anthropogenic climate change, being responsible for 27 percent of all domestic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2003. Within this sector, urban surface travel has been the major focus of researchers and policymakers. To broaden this focus to include interregional travel, the proposed research focuses on the aviation sector. Airport access modes are shown to be a large proportion of aviation system GHG emissions; due to their share and political and engineering realities they are targeted for aviation system GHG reduction. Discrete choice models are used to study the entry of clean airport access modes into the market, and it is found that the entry of a subsidized electric vehicle door‐to‐door van could reduce GHG emissions by 36 percent.

to connect to critical stakeholders and, thereby, to integrate into foreign business ecosystems. Reverting to explorative, inductive methodology, the study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by approaching networking from a rare angle; networking as practice. The study examines (i) the precepts and principles that direct the start-ups' networking efforts, (ii) the practices they employ to identify relevant partners and establish connections to them, (iii) the practices they make use of in the interface of newly established connections to sway and commit the respective partners to their cause and network, and finally (iv), the practices that offshore governmental agency nodes apply to help start-ups assimilate to foreign local ecosystems. We found that firms need to embrace and learn how to exploit serendipitous networking opportunities to gain access to stakeholders that purely ansoffian planning approaches could never uncover. The exploitation of serendipity necessitates flexibility with regard to the start-ups' existing product or service concepts, strategies and business plans because in the serendipitous mode these are often re- and co-designed with newly encountered stakeholders. Many of the actual networking practices were found to have evolved together with the progress of other dominant megatrends such as the spread and acceptance of social and other digital media. Such progress seems to have endogenously affected some of the conventional cultural tenets of networking, helping to bypass hierarchical gatekeepers in organizations, for instance. In addition, the diffusion and acceptance of more content- and context-rich communication techniques such as social and mobile video, prototyping and story-telling have made pitching a proposal faster, more holistic, experiential and interactive. We further found that offshore governmental agency nodes can play a decisive role in accelerating and facilitating the integration of foreign newcomers into a local ecosystem. Important prerequisite for the capability to provide such services is a respected and established status within the ecosystem, a vast, cross-sectoral network, and professional employees with hands-on industrial experience in the respective ecosystem.

Abstract
With sharing economy and access-based consumption, consumers increasingly access goods through social access modes other than private ownership—such as co-ownership, leasing, or borrowing. Prior research focuses on consumers' attitudinal motivations and consumption-cultural use experiences pertaining to such social exchange–based access modes. In so doing, prior research has overlooked the influence that consumers' fundamental, even biologically shaped, cognitive traits may have on their choice of access modes. To fill this research gap, this study analyzes a data set of more than 30,000 new car registrations by male consumers in Finland, including cognitive test data from the Finnish Defense Forces and covariates from other governmental sources. The field data suggests that consumers' intelligence scores and their choice to co-own and lease their cars are positively associated. Econometric evidence further suggests that the association between intelligence and choice of social exchange–based access modes can be explained by intelligent consumers' higher social trust in people and institutions, as well as two circumstantial mechanisms: their financial standing and tendency to seek savings. The findings from the field data are supported by an additional survey study (n = 460). Implications for the evolution of markets and consumption, as well as human intelligence and cooperation, are discussed.

Modern contraception is widely recognized as a crucial component of family planning services and is recognized as a reproductive right under international human rights law. However, unmet need for contraception remains high, as many women in the developing world lack access to family planning services. This Note examines the role of the Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and its powers as a treaty monitoring body in increasing access to modern contraception. Drawing on empirical research, the example of CEDAW's influence on abortion rights, and the domestic politics theory of treaty compliance, this Note argues that, under certain conditions, CEDAW can effectively pressure member states to reduce unmet need for contraception by mobilizing domestic actors to influence national policies, laws, and investments aimed at increasing access to contraception. This Note presents specific CEDAW enforcement mechanisms that are particularly effective and argues that CEDAW should focus its attention on two countries in particular--Sierra Leone and Haiti.

This article describes the key differences between roundabouts and traditional intersections that have traffic signals or stop signs and discusses how these differences may affect the mobility of pedestrians who are visually impaired. It also provides a brief summary of the authors' research on this topic and suggests strategies for addressing the access issues that roundabouts sometimes create.