Suchergebnisse

Introduction:Accidents are one of the most important causes of injury and death across the world, including Iran. The epidemiological data play a key role in taking effective strategic decisions for their prevention and control. This study was conducted to determine the Frequency of different types of accidents in children aged under 5 years living in Yazd province, Iran.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, data on 2489 children under 5 years referred to hospitals in Yazd province were collected from March, 2015 to March, 2016, using the accidents registration forms and the related software. Chi-square test was incorporated to analyze the results using SPSS version 19.
Results: The frequency of accidents in boys was 1460 (58.7%) and in girls 1029 (41.3%). Accidents occurred most frequently in April-May (n: 245, 9.8%) and the winter (n: 693, 27.8%). 93.3% of accidents occurred in the urban areas, 4.4% in the rural areas and 2.3% in outside the city and the villages. The total number of accidents at home was 1743 (70%) and in the alleys and on the streets 495 (19%), the most frequent accident was falling (n: 743, 29.9%), followed by burns (n: 543, 21.8%) and trauma (n: 495, 19.9%).
The difference in the type of accident between different age groups was significant (P< 0.001).
Conclusion: The comparatively higher frequency of falling, burn, trauma, as well as the accidents at home and in the winter indicate parents' insufficient attention to home safety standards and their lack of adequate information about protection of children under5 years against the most common accidents of this age group. Planning for and intervention in these areas might help in reducing the accidents.

Introduction: Leishmania tropica and Leishmania major are the causative agents of Anthroponotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL) and Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ZCL) in various areas of Iran, respectively. Yazd province is one of the endemic centers of ZCL. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate and predict the effects of the climate change on the potential scattering of the vector and reservoir species of ZCL disease in Yazd province, as one of the endemic centers of ZCL in Iran in the present (1950-2000) and prospective time (2030).
Materials and Methods: According to the findings of prior studies conducted in Yazd province, the data related to the vectors and reservoir of the ZCL were collected and recorded in the databank. ArcGIS 10.3 and MaxEnt software were used to estimate the suitable ecological niches using 19 variables. In this study, Beijing Climate Center Climate System Model and scenario of Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5 were applied with respect to 2030 horizon.
Results: According to results of Jackknife test, the climate variables of Bio8 & Bio6 for the current period, and climate variables of Bio8 & Bio7 for the future (2030) produced the most effects on the distribution of vector and reservoir species in Yazd province. These results indicated that temperature had the greatest impact on the vector's distribution in the present and future. Currently, eastern and central areas of the province are more likely to receive most of the vector and reservoir species. It is anticipated that in the future, we will observe an increase in the presence of vector in the western districts and reservoirs in the northern and central regions of the province.
Conclusion: Climate conditions provide suitable habitats for easy transfer of ZCL disease in Yazd province. This research confirmed that suitable climatic conditions for the vector and reservoir will be expanded in coming years in comparison with the current period.

24 cm ; In a society, cities are the centers of human interactions, creativity, knowledge, diversity, culture, commerce and economic creativity. Owing to the importance of innovation, knowledge acquisition, and the increased recognition by the government in Iran, many cities have developed strategies and implemented programs to improve their 'innovative milieus' and to attract 'creative people' in creative industries in order to aid the restructuring and growth of their economy. This paper is a case study serving as a contribution to the current research in the field of small cities, with a focus on the city of Meybod, Yazd. The research examines the factors affecting the attraction and retention of creative people and creative businesses in Meybod, based on the data collected from the Statistical Center of Iran, the management and planning organization of Yazd province, government reports, and key informant interviews. The findings reveal that the attraction of creative people and creative businesses is a complex process. Affordability and livability turned out as the primary drivers of attraction, supported by specific qualities of community and place. Small regional cities exhibit unique inherent characteristics that can attract creative people. It is a key task for governments to leverage such characteristics in their policy making ; 24 cm ; In a society, cities are the centers of human interactions, creativity, knowledge, diversity, culture, commerce and economic creativity. Owing to the importance of innovation, knowledge acquisition, and the increased recognition by the government in Iran, many cities have developed strategies and implemented programs to improve their 'innovative milieus' and to attract 'creative people' in creative industries in order to aid the restructuring and growth of their economy. This paper is a case study serving as a contribution to the current research in the field of small cities, with a focus on the city of Meybod, Yazd. The research examines the factors affecting the attraction and retention of creative people and creative businesses in Meybod, based on the data collected from the Statistical Center of Iran, the management and planning organization of Yazd province, government reports, and key informant interviews. The findings reveal that the attraction of creative people and creative businesses is a complex process. Affordability and livability turned out as the primary drivers of attraction, supported by specific qualities of community and place. Small regional cities exhibit unique inherent characteristics that can attract creative people. It is a key task for governments to leverage such characteristics in their policy making

Background: One of the factors influencing the level of general health and quality of life of individuals, is the level of social support that people enjoy. Given the importance of general health, quality of life and the amount of social support and their relationship with the level of physical activity in young people in Yazd province counties were studied.
Methods: The study population of this descriptive, cross-sectional study consisted of 15- to 29-year-old people. Given the study population, sample size was calculated for the counties Yazd, Mehriz, Ardakan and Meybod separately.
Methods: A total of 1533 people were selected by cluster sampling, and a person aged 15-29 years from each family completed the questionnaire. The questionnaire used, in addition to demographic questions, included three sections general health questionnaire (GHQ-28), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and World Health Organization Quality Of Life Brief (WHOQOL-BREF). The data were analyzed by SPSS18, nonparametric statistical tests and Pearson's correlation.
Results: The mean general health score of youth was 30.82 (9.56) and the mean scores of their quality of life and social support were 38.32 (8.67) and 42.64 (7.73), respectively. Mental health, quality of life and social support were significantly associated with education level (P-value ≤ 0.001).
The quality of life of young athletes was higher than that of young non-athletes (P-value ≤ 0.001). General health and social support were higher in women than in men (P-value ≤ 0.001).
Conclusion: The general health level of Yazd youth is higher than the cut-off point and not optimal, but based on social and cultural conditions in this province, the levels of social support and quality of life were found to be satisfactory. Planning to increase the level of vitality and exercise in different fields can be an opportunity to improve the general health of young people.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgments -- List of illustrations -- List of contributors -- 1. Introduction: Heritage Conservation and China's Belt and Road Initiative: Between Politics and Professionalism -- PART I: The 'New Discourses' of Silk Roads -- 2. Silk Road Expertise and the Geopolitics of Connectivity -- 3. The Construction of the Silk Roads as World Heritage in China -- 4. The Silk Roads: A Mirror of Contestation and a Metaphor of 'Revival' in Regional Shared Heritage -- PART II: Negotiating the Inscription and Management of Heritage Sites -- 5. Archaeological Heritage Management along the Silk Roads: Ancient and Modern Contexts -- 6. Reviving the Ancient Maritime Silk Road: The Politics of Heritage Instrumentalisation in Asia's Port Cities of Quanzhou and Melaka -- 7. Negotiating Architectural Restoration Approaches: Differences between Chinese and Singaporean Conservation Specialists -- 8. The Importance of Iran's Yazd Province for the Silk Road: Past, Present and Future -- PART III: China's Heritage Diplomacy along Belt and Road Initiative -- 9. Chinese Archaeology in Egypt: Between Eurocentrism, De-Westernisation and Decolonisation -- 10. Silk Roads Heritage Diplomacy: UNESCO and China's Belt and Road Initiative -- 11. The Maritime Silk Road: Tourism, Heritage, Symbols and the People-To-People Dimension of China's 'Heritage Diplomacy' in Indonesia -- 12. Heritage Diplomacy along the Maritime Silk Roads: The Case of Muslim Sites in Southern China -- Index.

According to the modernization and urbanization changes, some of post urban spaces missed their utilization and structures. They have been destructed and forgiven completely. The castles and defensive fortifications are among those spaces which have a parted structures from the urban contexts. Their structural and utilization erosion has turned them into the ruined and criminal places. The first step to regulate these buildings are recognition of these buildings. These buildings were classified according to their initial utilization in province of Yazd. In this research, the castles were divided to five classes such as: governmental, residential, military and disciplinary castles, depots and stores, citadels. The results of studies reveal that citadels include the most abundance (10 buildings) in geography province of Yazd. The depots and stores and state castles (7 buildings ) are in the next ranks. The military and disciplinary castles (4 buildings) are in the next rank. In last rank are the residential castles (2 buildings).

BACKGROUND: Understanding the Spatio-temporal distribution and interpersonal comparisons are important tools in etiological studies. This study was conducted to investigate the temporal and geographical distribution of COVID-19 hospitalized patients in the Iran Health Insurance Organization (IHIO) insured population (the second largest social health insurance organization) and the factors affecting their case fatality rate (CFR). METHODS: In this descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study, the demographic and clinical data of all insured of the IHIO who were hospitalized with COVID-19 in hospitals across the country until March 2021 was extracted from the comprehensive system of handling the inpatient documents of this organization. The Excel 2019 and GeoDA software were used for descriptive reporting and geographical distribution of variables. A multiple logistic regression model was used to estimate the Odds Ratio (OR) of death in patients with COVID-19 using STATA 14 software. RESULTS: During the first 14 months of the COVID-19 outbreak in Iran, 0.72% of the IHIO insured (303,887 individuals) were hospitalized with COVID-19. Hospitalization per 100,000 people varied from 192.51 in East Azerbaijan to 1,277.49 in Yazd province. The overall CFR in hospitalized patients was 14%. Tehran and Kohgiluyeh & BoyerAhmad provinces had the highest and lowest CFR with 19.39% and 5.19%, respectively. The highest odds of death were in those over 80 years old people (OR = 9.65), ICU-admitted (OR = 7.49), Hospitalized in governmental hospitals (OR = 2.08), Being a foreign national (OR = 1.45), hospitalized in November (OR = 1.47) and Residence in provinces such as Sistan & Baluchestan (OR = 1.47) and Razavi Khorasan (OR = 1.66) respectively. Furthermore, the odds of death were lower in females (OR = 0.81) than in males. CONCLUSIONS: A sound understanding of the primary causes of COVID-19 death and severity in different groups can be the basis for developing programs focused on more vulnerable groups in order to ...

SummaryConsanguineous marriage has been the culturally preferred form of marriage in Iran. This paper examines the extent to which education, urbanization and changes in modes of economic production have affected the incidence of consanguineous marriage and attitudes towards consanguineous marriages. The 2002 Iran Fertility Transition Survey conducted in the four provinces of Gilan, Sistan and Baluchistan, Yazd and West Azarbaijan provides information on the degree of relationship of marriage partners from around 6550 ever-married women aged 15–49. Attitudinal data were also obtained. Overall, the level of marriage to biological relatives ranged from 23% in Gilan to 78% in Sistan and Baluchistan. The paper finds that the practice of marriage to biological relatives has remained surprisingly resilient in the face of modernizing influences and that ethnicity, province and area of residence remain important determinants. On the other hand, attitudes have shifted towards marriage with a non-relative. Anthropological research would illuminate the processes of consanguineous marriage in Iran.

Background: Estimating the net reproductive number of COVID-19 virus can reveal the rate and severity of the disease transmission in the Iranian society to health researchers and practitioners. Also, it signifies the importance of the disease to the community. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the net reproductive number of COVID-19 in Iran and its different provinces. Methods: This study was conducted on the data of COVID-19 patients in Iran from February 21 to March 8, 2020. To determine the net reproductive number of COVID-19 in Iran, the serial interval and β value were first determined using linear regression analysis. Then, the net reproductive number values were calculated for Iran and its different provinces. Results: The results of this study showed that the net reproductive number of COVID-19 in Iran was 1.31. Using the available data up to March 15, 2020, the highest net reproductive number was in Mazandaran, Yazd, Isfahan, Qazvin, and Zanjan provinces, with values of 2.07, 1.86, 1.84, and 1.76, respectively. The net reproductive number also showed an increasing trend in Kohgiluyeh and BoyerAhmad province. Conclusion: It seems that although the net reproductive number of the virus had a decreasing trend in the provinces, it is still high. Therefore, sanitary measures in these provinces should be pursued more seriously. On the other hand, social distancing is a topic that should be taken into consideration, that is, social gatherings and contacts should be avoided as much as possible and strategies and facilities for this action should be developed by the government and health policymakers.