Suchergebnisse

Measurements of elements of the Earth's magnetic field started in Naples in 1837 by the Astronomical Observatory. Declination and inclination daily averages were regularly published from 1840. In 1839 Macedonio Melloni was called in Naples by the Bourbon Government and asked to found an observatory to carry out regular measurements of geomagnetic elements and meteorological parameters. The observatory was built on Mt. Vesuvius and completed in 1848, but it started to operate only in 1852. Magnetic measurements were carried out in the following years, rather discontinuously, by Luigi Palmieri.

As a result of the relaxation of the self-isolation policy of the Korean state, the Ganghwa treaty with Japan was signed in 1876. In the same year, the "Rules for trade" and the "Additional articles for the 1876 Treaty" were signed as well, which gave Japanese citizens exterritoriality, opened ports for trade with Japan, allowed them to rent land and more. The American-Korean treaty of peace, friendship, trade and navigation of 1882, the British-Korean (1883), German-Korean (1883), French-Korean (1886) and Russian-Korean (1884) treaties were signed as well, all with similar provisions. When signing agreements with the Korean state, Western countries such as Germany, USA, England etc. applied to China for a letter of recommendation. However, Russia followed a different strategy. Russian diplomat K. I. Veber, authorized to negotiate with the Korean government and sign the Russian-Korean treaty, negotiated directly with King Gojong. South Korean historiographers have different opinions regarding the above treaties signed by Korea with the Western powers.

The nineteenth century was important for medicine in Britain because the foundations of a united medical profession were laid by the Medical Act of 1858. This established the General Medical Council which had the responsability of maintaining a list of qualified medical practitioners. This not only protected the public from unknowingly using unqualified medical practitioners, but also created a monopoly of medical practice which was protected by law. In the second half of the century, women started to qualify and be registered. The century also saw the development of effective anaesthetics and the idea that the health of the public could be preseved by legislation. The notion of prevention was born, even though after a further one hundred years, the profession is still dominated by the idea that its responsibility is to cure. Key words: Medical Profession - XIX Century - Great Britain

In this article you discusses the problem of the political crime in the first place in XIX century, sustaining a novel position: the political crime had bigger width than the one that is attributed usually, because in crisis moments and confrontation the State enlarged the behaviors reprimibles against its security and existence (rebellion, asonada, etc.) punishing to the simple ones differing unarmed, to the neutrals and the indifferent ones; the repression was reflected concretely in arbitrary detentions, expropriations and discriminations. Then the treatment is examined that was given to the prisoners taken in combat, showing diverse modalities of application of the death penalty and of terrible acts made against alive and dead prisoners. Also, two modalities of the right of man are stood out that affected the prisoners, one in positive form as it was the exchange and another negative as the right he/she went to the reprisal. Lastly, some aspects of the day-to-dayness of the political prisoners are shown in the Colombian jails. ; En este artículo se discute en primer lugar el problema del delito político en el siglo XIX, sustentando un planteamiento novedoso: el delito político tenía mayor amplitud que la que usualmente se le atribuye, pues en momentos de crisis y confrontación el Estado ampliaba las conductas reprimibles contra su seguridad y existencia (rebelión, asonada, etc.) castigando a los simples discrepantes desarmados, a los neutrales y a los indiferentes; la represión se reflejaba concretamente en detenciones arbitrarias, expropiaciones y discriminaciones. Luego se examina el tratamiento que se le daba a los presos tomados en combate, mostrando diversas modalidades de aplicación de la pena capital y de actos bárbaros cometidos contra presos vivos y muertos. Asimismo, se resaltan dos modalidades del derecho de gentes que afectaban a los prisioneros, una en forma positiva como fue el canje, y otra negativa, el derecho a la represalia. Por último, se muestran algunos aspectos de la cotidianidad de los presos políticos en las cárceles colombianas.

The dynamics of Islamization in North Sulawesi, the activities of outside traders, made this area a crossroads for the spice trade in the Maluku region. The spread of Islam did not escape the influence of political networks from several sultanates such as the Sultanate of Ternate, the Sultanate of Makassar and the Sultanate of Sulu. This study aims to reveal the Islamization network in North Sulawesi in the XIX century with a focus on the influence of political hegemony and trading activities. This research is a historical research using historical methods; heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography which are descriptive analysis with a literature study approach. The results of this study indicate that integration and economic accumulation that make political power, encounter with other religions and increase in activity and trade encourage the spread of religious teachings.Keywords: Islamization, Political Networks, Trade, North Sulawesi

En el marco de la investigación sobre la territorialización de muerte en la región de frontera, conformada por los antiguos estados de Cauca y Antioquia durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX en Colombia, se extrapola el caso de la muerte en Riosucio, municipio ubicado en el occidente del departamento de Caldas. El objetivo es hacer una aproximación a la historia de la muerte en ese municipio durante el siglo XIX, considerando que ha sido un asentamiento poblacional de diferentes etnias, que allí donde se enmarcaron diferentes conflictos políticos reflejados tanto en los orígenes de su fundación, en las prácticas fúnebres, y en la existencia de numerosos cementerios. Metodológicamente, se han seguido los lineamientos conceptuales de Ariès (1984), Elias (2009), y así como el método de aproximación a las fuentes de Vovelle (1985), aplicado al análisis de las partidas de defunción y las providencias pastorales halladas en la Iglesia de San Sebastián de Riosucio. ; In the context of the investigation concerning territorialization of death in a border region composed by the ancient states of Cauca and Antioquia during the second half of the nineteenth century in Colombia, the case of death in Riosucio, a municipality located in the West of the Department of Caldas is extrapolated. The objective is to make an approximation to the history of death in this municipality during the nineteenth century, considering that it has been a different ethnic groups establishment where different political conflicts reflected both on the origins of its foundation, in funeral practices, and in the existence of numerous cemeteries. The conceptual guidelines of Ariès (1984), Elias (2009) and Vovelle's (1985) approximation to bibliographical sources method have been followed methodologically in the analysis of death certificates and pastoral orders found in the San Sebastian de Riosucio church.

The article deals with the main problems associated with the possibility of implementing a constitutional alternative in Russia in the XIX century. The authors consider the prerequisites for the development of constitutional projects during this period, including their regularity or randomness, and relationship with previous stages of development of the Russian statehood. They pay particular attention to the subjective factor, i.e. personal views and worldview of the Russian emperors as the main condition for the implementation of the constitutional alternative to the development of the country. The reigns of Alexander I and Alexander II, who were either the initiators of the development of constitutional projects (Alexander I) or did not prevent it (Alexander II), are the focus of attention. The comparative analysis of the main constitutional projects of the XIX century is carried out in this article: of the Letter of Commendation to the Russian people in 1801, the project of M.M. Speransky in 1809, the Charter Diploma of the Russian Empire in 1818-1820, the project of P.A. Valuev in 1863, the grand prince Konstantin Nikolaevich in 1866 and 1880, the P.A. Shuvalov in 1874 and of the M.T. Loris-Melikov in 1880-1881.The projects of the time period of Alexander II are much more moderate than of the epoch of Alexander I and they can be recognized as constitutional ones with a great stretch. It was a step backwards in the development of Russian constitutionalism. This is explained by a subjective factor: much more moderate political views of Alexander II and his greater commitment to the autocratic tradition inherited from his father. In conclusion, there are the reasons for the lack of implementation of the constitutional alternative in Russia in the XIX century in this article, they are the following: peculiarities of the social structure of the Russian society, narrowness of the social base of the constitutional reforms, lack of understanding and disinterestedness of the majority of the population in their implementation and necessity, indecision of the emperors.