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As Italy emerged from World War II, the first women entered the national government. The 45 women who became parliamentarians when Italian women were first entitled to vote in 1946 represented a ""lost wave"" of feminist action, argues Molly Tambor. In this work, Tambor reconstructs the role that these female politicians played in Italy's new democratic Republic. They proved critical in ensuring that the new Constitution formally guaranteed the equality of all citizens regardless of sex, translating the general constitutional guarantees into direct legislative rights and protections. They used

There are significant differences in the tradi tions of the countries of eastern Europe. While political rights for women have been included in the constitutions of each of these countries, this does not mean they have been implemented fully. In the professional and political fields, the progress of women has been very important since World War II. But their professional activities are ahead of the political. The experience gained in the course of the rapid industrializa tion which provided new tasks for women has made them con sider anew the problems of equal rights of women: not as women's assimilation in the world of men, but as a re-evaluation of their potentialities.

Political activity is a type of social activity displayed by citizens. Observations and research indicate that gender can be a factor which conditions its degree and forms. Apart from biological gen­der, which shapes the societal roles of women and men, additional factors that are supposedly respon­sible for their activities include elements of the system of beliefs (i.e. acknowledged political values, conviction that political activity has an importance, level of satisfaction with democracy as well as individualism and collectivism understood as an element of individual's mentality). The impact of those factors on degree of conventional political activities among women and men is the subject of surveys which were conducted in 2004, 2010, and 2014 on a group of 1048 students from Polish universities. The received results show that differences in political activity between surveyed men and women as well as varying determinants in both groups are slowly fading away. The most important predictors of women's political activity include: conviction of its significance in democracy and (dis)satisfaction with the way it functions.

There are signif diff's in the traditions of the countries of Eastern Europe. While pol'al rights for F's have.been included in the constitutions of each of the countries, this does not mean they have been implemented fully. In the professional & pol'al fields, the progress of F's has been very important since WWII. But their professional activities are ahead of the pol'al. The experience gained in the course of the rapid industr'ization which provided new tasks for F's has made them consider anew the problems of equal rights of F's: not as F's' assimilation in the world of M's, but as a re-evaluation. of their potentialities. HA.

This essay is divided into two parts. PART ONE, written in 2013, is intended for European readers, chiefly Italian, and is the completion of PART TWO, that was intended for American readers and prepared, in 2012, for the Conference at the Stevens Institute of Technology (USA) titled 'George Perkins Marsh: An American for All Seasons'. For this paper PART TWO has been changed and enlarged. George Perkins Marsh: from Vermont to Italy. 23rd July 2012 was the hundred and thirtieth anniversary of the death of George Perkins Marsh (Woodstock March 15, 1801 – Vallombrosa July 23, 1882). In this Essay the attention is concentrated particularly on George Perkins Marsh and Italy, where his masterpiece 'Man and Nature' was completed and also translated into Italian from the first American edition of 1864. George Perkins Marsh, citizen of the United States (born in Vermont), well-known as one of the pioneers of the Conservation Movement, is not always sufficiently renowned as a statesman and an adroit and influential diplomat. On the contrary, during his Office in Italy and at the time of his decease he was of great political and cultural importance and had a following in the newborn unified Italian State. Italian readers, in particular, would find it relevant to deepen their knowledge about George Perkins Marsh's political and diplomatic career especially because he lived in Italy from June 1861, in the role of Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of the United States to the Kingdom of Italy, until his death in July 1882. It is true that in 2011 George Perkins Marsh was sometimes remembered on the occasion of the Hundred and Fiftieth Anniversary of the Italian Unification, but actually the memory of him had considerably diminished in Italy in the course of the 20th Century, although American Geography of the second half of the 20th century had started to renew its own interest in his teachings and to delve into his cultural legacy.

Political activity is a type of social activity displayed by citizens. Observations and research indicate that gender can be a factor which conditions its degree and forms. Apart from biological gender, which shapes the societal roles of women and men, additional factors that are supposedly responsible for their activities include elements of the system of beliefs (i.e. acknowledged political values, conviction that political activity has an importance, level of satisfaction with democracy, as well as individualism and collectivism understood as an element of individual's mentality). The impact of those factors on the degree of unconventional political activities among women and men is the subject of surveys which were conducted in 2004, 2010, and 2014 on a group of 1048 students from Polish universities. The received results show that differences in political activity between surveyed men and women, as well as varying determinants in both groups, are slowly fading away. The most important predictors of women's political activity include: conviction of its significance in democracy, and (dis)satisfaction with the way it functions.