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In the face of unprecedented climatic disasters, social conflict, and political uncertainty, integrating in situ and ex situ strategies may become increasingly necessary to effectively conserve crop wild relatives (CWR). We introduce the concept of trans situ conservation to safeguard CWR genetic diversity and accessibility for crop improvement. Building on initiatives to combine in situ protection with ex situ backup in genebanks, trans situ conservation dynamically integrates multiple in situ and ex situ measures, from conservation to research to education, spanning local to global scales. Two important features emerge from a trans situ approach. First, integrating in situ and ex situ studies of CWR genetic diversity, adaptation, and ecological interactions can lead to advances in crop improvement and in situ management. Second, the complementarity, redundancy, and synergy gained through trans situ conservation buffer climatic, economic, political, and institutional instabilities. Focusing on a case study in the United States-Mexico desert borderlands, we evaluate three components of trans situ conservation: in situ protection on working and public lands; seed and living plant collections in local and regional botanical gardens, arboreta, and nurseries; and genebank accessions in the USDA National Plant Germplasm System. We discuss gaps, tensions, and synergies that emerge when coordinating these three components and offer the conservation of the wild chile [Capsicum annuum L. var. glabriusculum (Dunal) Heiser & Pickersgill] in southern Arizona as an example of concerted in situ and ex situ research integrated in a trans situ framework ; W.K. Kellogg Foundation ; Open access article ; This item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at repository@u.library.arizona.edu.

Aim To identify priority areas for in situ conservation and collection of germplasm for ex situ backup of crop wild relative (CWR) diversity in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region as part of an action plan for the conservation and use of the region's important CWR diversity. Location SADC region. Methods Diversity, gap and climate change analyses at species and ecogeographic diversity levels were undertaken for 113 regional priority CWR taxa. Results CWR hotspots were identified in Eswatini (former Swaziland), Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania and Zimbabwe. Twenty-one per cent of regionally priority CWR occur exclusively outside existing protected areas (PAs), 50% are not conserved ex situ, and 64% are predicted to be negatively impacted by climate change. A total of 120 existing PAs in 13 countries were identified as containing populations likely to persist in the future for 80% of CWR taxa and about 50% of the ecogeographic diversity of these taxa; remaining diversity can be conserved in an additional 151 complementary sites in 11 countries. Democratic Republic of the Congo, Madagascar, South Africa and Tanzania contain important areas for conserving CWR diversity in situ in which no negative climate change impact is predicted. Priority CWR diversity in the provinces of Bas-Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo) and Cabinda (Angola) is threatened by climate change and should be collected urgently for ex situ conservation. Other areas rich in ecogeographic diversity that is not conserved ex situ are located in Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eswatini, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania and Zimbabwe. Main conclusions We identified 120 PAs and 151 complementary sites outside of PAs in 13 SADC countries that could form the basis of the SADC Network for In Situ Conservation of CWR. We also selected priority areas for filling gaps in ex situ collections and for field survey.

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Addendum -- Contents -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Global Warming and Evolution of Wild Cereals -- 1.1.1 Domestication: The Bedrock of Evolution -- 1.1.2 The Progenitors of Cultivated Barley and Wheat -- 1.1.3 Performance of Wild Cereals Juxtaposed to Three Decades of Global Warming -- 1.1.4 Evolution of Wild Cereals During the Last Three Decades in Israel -- 1.1.5 Phenotypic and Genotypic SSR Results -- 1.1.6 Effect of Global Warming on Phenotypic and Genotypic Turnover of Wild Emmer Wheat and Wild Barley in Israel -- References -- 2 Wild Cereal Cultivation in Israel-Global Warming: An Important Link -- 2.1 Rice-Its Progenitors and Domestication -- 2.1.1 Rice-Its Domestication Traits -- 2.1.2 Rice Domestication-Conflicts Between Natural Selection and Human Selection -- References -- 3 Climate-Evolution-The Interrelationship -- References -- 4 The Adaptation Range of Wild Crop Species to Fluctuations in Climate Change -- 4.1 Strategies of Genetic Diversity -- References -- 5 Importance of Crop Wild Relatives -- References -- 6 A Crop-Wise Comparison of Domestic Gene Pool with Wild Relatives on Ecogeographic Diversity -- 6.1 Wheat -- 6.2 Barley -- 6.3 Rice -- References -- 7 Relevance of Wild Relatives in Other Crops in Plant Breeding Programs -- References -- 8 Conservation Research and Crop Wild Relatives Use -- 8.1 How Does Climate Change Affect Crop Wild Relatives (CWR)? -- References -- 9 The Threats to Crop Wild Relatives -- 9.1 CWR-Is There a Red List? -- References -- 10 Gene Flow Between Cultivated Plants and Their Wild Relatives -- References -- 11 In Situ Conservation Research in CWR -- References -- 12 Ex Situ Conservation Research in CWR -- References -- 13 Utilizing CWRs in Major Food Crops to Combat Global Warming -- 13.1 Wheat -- 13.1.1 Oryza Sativa -- 13.1.2 Zea Mays -- 13.1.3 Solanum Tuberosum.

Aim: Crop wild relatives (CWR) are an essential source of genetic material for the improvement of certain traits in related crop species. Despite their importance, increasing public, scientific and political support, large gaps exist in the amount of genetic material collected and conserved of many CWR. Here, we construct a dataset on the distribution of wild banana species (Musa spp.) and assess their risk and conservation status. We deal with the following questions: (a) What areas are potentially suitable for wild banana species? (b) How much of the wild banana diversity is currently at risk or insufficiently conserved ex and in situ? Location: Native distribution area of wild banana species, ranging from the northeastern states of India to north-eastern Australia. Methods: We assessed the potential environmental range of wild species using a species distribution modelling approach with MaxEnt. Extinction risk was evaluated following IUCN criterion B, and the ex and in situ conservation status was assessed using an indicator for biodiversity and sustainable development targets. Results: We found that 11 out of 59 assessed species can be considered as vulnerable and nine as endangered. Highest species richness was found along the border of south China and northern Vietnam, in the north-eastern states of India and on the Malayan peninsula. Our distribution modelling approach indicates that the northern Indo-Burmese region has the highest environmental suitability for most wild banana species and that lowland rain forests in general are highly suitable for bananas. Assessment of in and ex situ conservation status indicates that 56 out of 59 assessed species are currently insufficiently conserved ex situ and that 49 are of high priority for further conservation. Additional in situ conservation is of high priority for six species and of medium priority for 40 species. Main conclusions: To date, little of the banana CWR are sufficiently conserved both in and ex situ.

Aim Crop wild relatives (CWR) are an essential source of genetic material for the improvement of certain traits in related crop species. Despite their importance, increasing public, scientific and political support, large gaps exist in the amount of genetic material collected and conserved of many CWR. Here, we construct a dataset on the distribution of wild banana species (Musa spp.) and assess their risk and conservation status. We deal with the following questions: (a) What areas are potentially suitable for wild banana species? (b) How much of the wild banana diversity is currently at risk or insufficiently conserved ex and in situ? Location Native distribution area of wild banana species, ranging from the north-eastern states of India to north-eastern Australia. Methods We assessed the potential environmental range of wild species using a species distribution modelling approach with MaxEnt. Extinction risk was evaluated following IUCN criterion B, and the ex and in situ conservation status was assessed using an indicator for biodiversity and sustainable development targets. Results We found that 11 out of 59 assessed species can be considered as vulnerable and nine as endangered. Highest species richness was found along the border of south China and northern Vietnam, in the north-eastern states of India and on the Malayan peninsula. Our distribution modelling approach indicates that the northern Indo-Burmese region has the highest environmental suitability for most wild banana species and that lowland rain forests in general are highly suitable for bananas. Assessment of in and ex situ conservation status indicates that 56 out of 59 assessed species are currently insufficiently conserved ex situ and that 49 are of high priority for further conservation. Additional in situ conservation is of high priority for six species and of medium priority for 40 species. Main conclusions To date, little of the banana CWR are sufficiently conserved both in and ex situ.

[EN] Bacterial wilt, caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, is highly diverse and the identification of new sources of resistance for the incorporation of multiple and complementary resistance genes in the same cultivar is the best strategy for durable and stable resistance. The objective of this study was to screen seven accessions of cultivated eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) and 40 accessions from 12 wild relatives for resistance to two virulent R. solanacearum strains (Pss97 and Pss2016; phylotype I, race 1, biovar 3). The resistant or moderately resistant accessions were further evaluated with Pss97 in a second trial under high temperatures (and also with Pss2016 for S. anguivi accession VI050346). The resistant control EG203 was resistant to Pss97, but only moderately resistant to Pss2016. One accession of S. sisymbriifolium (SIS1) and two accessions of S. torvum (TOR2 and TOR3) were resistant or moderately resistant to Pss97 in both trials. Solanum anguivi VI050346, S. incanum accession MM577, and S. sisymbriifolium (SIS1 and SIS2) were resistant to Pss2016 in the first trial. However, S. anguivi VI050346 was susceptible in the second trial. These results are important for breeding resistant rootstocks and cultivars that can be used to manage this endemic disease. ; This research was funded by the Global Crop Diversity Trust] grant number [GS17011] and World Vegetable Center core funds. This work was undertaken as part of the initiative Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: Collecting, Protecting and Preparing Crop Wild Relatives which is supported by the Government of Norway. The project is managed by the Global Crop Diversity Trust with the Millennium Seed Bank of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew UK and implemented in partnership with national and international genebanks and plant breeding institutes around the world. For further information, go to the project website: http://www.cwrdiversity.org/. This work has also been funded in part by World Vegetable Center core funds from Republic of China (Taiwan), UK ...

1 11 9 7 ; S ; Cardoso, S. C., Soares, A. C. F., Brito, A. dos S., Santos, A. P. dos, Laranjeira, F. F., & Carvalho, L. A. de. (2012). Evaluation of tomato rootstocks and its use to control bacterial wilt disease. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 33(2), 595-604. doi:10.5433/1679-0359.2012v33n2p595 ; [EN] Bacterial wilt, caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, is highly diverse and the identification of new sources of resistance for the incorporation of multiple and complementary resistance genes in the same cultivar is the best strategy for durable and stable resistance. The objective of this study was to screen seven accessions of cultivated eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) and 40 accessions from 12 wild relatives for resistance to two virulent R. solanacearum strains (Pss97 and Pss2016; phylotype I, race 1, biovar 3). The resistant or moderately resistant accessions were further evaluated with Pss97 in a second trial under high temperatures (and also with Pss2016 for S. anguivi accession VI050346). The resistant control EG203 was resistant to Pss97, but only moderately resistant to Pss2016. One accession of S. sisymbriifolium (SIS1) and two accessions of S. torvum (TOR2 and TOR3) were resistant or moderately resistant to Pss97 in both trials. Solanum anguivi VI050346, S. incanum accession MM577, and S. sisymbriifolium (SIS1 and SIS2) were resistant to Pss2016 in the first trial. However, S. anguivi VI050346 was susceptible in the second trial. These results are important for breeding resistant rootstocks and cultivars that can be used to manage this endemic disease. This research was funded by the Global Crop Diversity Trust] grant number [GS17011] and World Vegetable Center core funds. This work was undertaken as part of the initiative Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: Collecting, Protecting and Preparing Crop Wild Relatives which is supported by the Government of Norway. The project is managed by the Global Crop Diversity Trust with the Millennium Seed Bank of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew UK and implemented ...

SPEGEAPSICT3 ; Genetically Modified Organisms in Food focuses on scientific evaluation of published research relating to GMO food products to assert their safety as well as potential health risks. This book is a solid reference for researchers and professionals needing information on the safety of GMO and non-GMO food production, the economic benefits of both GMO and non-GMO foods, and includes in-depth coverage of the surrounding issues of genetic engineering in foods. This is a timely publication written by a team of scientific experts in the field who present research results to help further more evidence based research to educate scientists, academics, government professionals about the safety of the global food supply.c

SPEGEAPSICT3 ; Genetically Modified Organisms in Food focuses on scientific evaluation of published research relating to GMO food products to assert their safety as well as potential health risks. This book is a solid reference for researchers and professionals needing information on the safety of GMO and non-GMO food production, the economic benefits of both GMO and non-GMO foods, and includes in-depth coverage of the surrounding issues of genetic engineering in foods. This is a timely publication written by a team of scientific experts in the field who present research results to help further more evidence based research to educate scientists, academics, government professionals about the safety of the global food supply.c

Genetically Modified Organisms in Food focuses on scientific evaluation of published research relating to GMO food products to assert their safety as well as potential health risks. This book is a solid reference for researchers and professionals needing information on the safety of GMO and non-GMO food production, the economic benefits of both GMO and non-GMO foods, and includes in-depth coverage of the surrounding issues of genetic engineering in foods. This is a timely publication written by a team of scientific experts in the field who present research results to help further more evidence based research to educate scientists, academics, government professionals about the safety of the global food supply.c

Durch regelnde Eingriffe des Staates kann genetische Diversität in landwirtschaftlichen Nutzungssystemen erhöht werden. Zur Beurteilung der Wirkung regelnder Eingriffe auf die räumliche Struktur und die zeitliche Entwicklung genetischer Diversität in der Pflanzenzüchtung und im Anbau sind Dauerbeobachtungsprogramme und Indikatoren notwendig. Die Organisation für Wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (OECD) und die Europäische Umweltagentur (EEA) verwenden hierfür den Indikator "Genetische Diversität" (IRENA 25), der für allgemeine Berichtszwecke verwendbar ist, allerdings keine quantifizierbaren Aussagen über genetische Entwicklungstrends erlaubt. Eine Optimierung von IRENA 25 durch Stammbaumanalysen oder durch die Schätzung genetischer Distanzen zwischen Sorten ist bei einigen Kulturarten möglich. Selbst wenn IRENA 25 durch genetische Informationen qualifiziert würde, wäre der Indikator dennoch kein brauchbares Instrument zur Politikgestaltung, da sich die Verwendung von Sorten in einer freien Marktwirtschaft nur sehr bedingt regulieren lässt. Es wird deshalb vorgeschlagen, in Dauerbeobachtungsprogrammen, zusätzlich zu IRENA 25, die Kulturartenvielfalt im Anbau als Indikator zu verwenden. Kulturartenvielfalt im Anbau kann durch Innovationsprogramme oder ähnliche Anreizsysteme beeinflusst werden. Genetisches Monitoring im eigentlichen Sinne erfordert genetische Analysen von Sammlungsbeständen der Genbanken und Zuchtmaterial sowie Populationen in ihrem natürlichen Lebensraum und sollte vor allem dort ansetzen, wo der Staat über Forschungsprogramme und die eigene Ressortforschung oder als Gesetzgeber die Sicherung und nachhaltige Nutzung pflanzengenetischer Ressourcen tatsächlich steuern kann: in Genbanken, in der Pflanzenzüchtungsforschung und im gesetzlich verankerten Artenschutz. Diese drei staatlich organisierten Bereiche sind für die Sicherung des Genpools von Kulturarten und mit ihnen verwandten Wildarten zuständig. Vorrangig ist durch die Pflanzengenetik ein Indikationsschema für das genetische Monitoring in Anlehnung an das genetische Monitoring im Forst zu entwickeln. ; In agricultural production systems genetic diversity can be increased through regulatory interventions. Monitoring programmes and indicators are necessary to assess the effects of regulatory interventions on the spatial structure and temporal development of genetic diversity in plant breeding and plant production. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the European Environment Agency (EEA) currently apply the indicator "genetic diversity" (IRENA 25) which is suited for general report obligations, however does not allow quantitative information on genetic development trends. For some crops it is possible to optimise IRENA 25 by means of pedigree analysis or through the estimation of genetic distance between cultivars. Even if IRENA 25 is qualified through genetic information, the indicator would still be no useful instrument for shaping policy as the deployment of cultivars can be governed in a free market economy to a very limited extend, only. It is therefore proposed to use the "crop species diversity" as indicator in addition to IRENA 25. The species diversity in crop production can be influenced by innovation programmes or similar incentive systems. Genetic monitoring in the strict sense requires genetic analysis of genebank collections and breeding materials as well as populations in their natural habitat and should be scheduled particularly where the state can indeed govern the safeguarding and sustainable use of plant genetic resources through research programmes and the own research sector or as legislator: in genebanks, in plant breeding and in species protection. Safeguarding of gene pools of crops and related crop wild relatives is within the scope of these three state organised fields. The development of an indicator scheme for genetic monitoring in agricultural genetic resources through the plant genetics sector following the scheme used for genetic monitoring in forestry has highest priority.

Information update of the database "Crop Wild Relatives of Russia" has been started. Based on the review of the modern botanical online resources, the concept of the database development is presented and its structure is developed, which includes six thematic blocks: "Taxa", "General description", "Use", "Distribution", "Conservation", "Images.

1 19 213 7 ; S ; [EN] The need to boost agricultural production in the coming decades in a climate change scenario requires new approaches for the development of new crop varieties that are more resilient and more efficient in the use of resources. Crop wild relatives (CWRs) are a source of variation for many traits of interest in breeding, in particular tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses. However, their potential in plant breeding has largely remained unexploited. CWRs can make an effective contribution to broadening the genetic base of crops and to introgressing traits of interest, but their direct use by breeders in breeding programs is usually not feasible due to the presence of undesirable traits in CWRs (linkage drag) and frequent breeding barriers with the crop. Here we call for a new approach, which we tentatively call 'introgressiomics', which consists of mass scale development of plant materials and populations with introgressions from CWRs into the genetic background of crops. Introgressiomics is a form of pre-emptive breeding and can be focused, when looking for specific phenotypes, or un-focused, when it is aimed at creating highly diverse intro-gressed populations. Exploring germplasm collections and identifying adequate species and accessions from different genepools encompassing a high diversity, using different strategies like the creation of germplasm diversity sets, Focused identification of germplasm strategy (FIGS) or gap analysis, is a first step in introgressiomics. Interspecific hybridization and backcrossing is often a major barrier for introgressiomics, but a number of techniques can be used to potentially overcome these and produce introgression populations. The generation of chromosome substitution lines (CSLs), introgression lines (ILs), or multiparent advanced inter-cross (MAGIC) populations by means of marker-assisted selection allows not only the genetic analysis of traits present in CWRs, but also developing genetically characterized elite materials that can be easily ...

Wildpflanzenarten sind als genetische Ressource der Pflanzenzüchtung und als Teil komplexer ökosystemarer Wirkungsketten gleichermaßen von Bedeutung und unver­zichtbar. Der Artenverlust schreitet fast ungebremst fort und betrifft auch wild vorkommende Verwandte unser Kultur- und Nutzpflanzen (WVK-Arten). Völkerrechtlich besteht eine verbindliche Pflicht zur Umset­zung einer Erhaltungsstrategie für Wild- und Kulturpflanzenarten, die die Vorzüge der In-situ-Erhaltung im natürlichen Lebensraum mit den Vorteilen der Ex-situ-Erhaltung in Genbanken verbindet. Im Beitrag wird auf die Komponenten einer deutschen In-situ-Erhaltungsstrategie eingegangen. Das Konzept des genetischen Erhaltungs­gebietes (GenEG) wird einleitend vorgestellt und ein Plan zu dessen Umsetzung erörtert. Durch die Auswahl und das langfristige Management genetisch distinkter Vorkommen von WVK-Arten in ihrem natür­lichen Verbreitungsgebiet kann die genetische Variation einer limitierten Anzahl von Arten aktiv erhalten werden. Hierzu müssen die geeignetsten WVK-Arten ermittelt, Vorkommen dieser Arten durch Anwendung des floristischen Lösungsansatzes oder des Genpool-Lösungsansatzes identifiziert, Flächen als GenEG ausgewiesen und durch ein Netzwerk von Kooperationspartnern betreut werden. Auf die Notwendigkeit einer besseren Kommunikation zur Bedeutung und Wert biologischer Vielfalt, insbesondere der genetischen Vielfalt von WVK-Arten, wird hingewiesen. Der rechtliche Handlungsspielraum für die Ausweisung von GenEG, der mögliche Flächenbedarf und finanzielle Aspekte werden erörtert. ; Wild species are equally important and indispensible as genetic resource for plant breeding and as element of complex ecosystematic processes. The loss of species continues almost unabated and also hits crop wild relatives (CWR). According to international law, the implemen­tation of a conservation strategy for wild and cultivated species combining the best elements of the in situ conservation strategy with those of the ex situ conservation strategy is obligatory. The paper elaborates components of a German in situ conservation strategy. The genetic reserve concept is introduced. An implementation plan is discussed which will allow the informed choice and long-term active maintenance of a limited, genetically distinct occurrences within the distribution area of the species required to maintain a wide range of genetic variation. To this end priority CWR need to be determined. The floristic approach or the genepool approach can be applied to identify occurrence and their sites suited for the establishment of a genetic reserve. The established set of genetic reserves is jointly management by a network of cooperation partners. The need for improved public awareness building on the importance and value of biological diversity, especially of the genetic diversity of CWR, is emphasized. The legal scope for the designation of genetic reserves, the possible space requirement and financial aspects are discussed.