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A founding figure of the German idealism tradition, Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762-1814) developed a radically new version of transcendental idealism. The Bloomsbury Companion to Fichte follows his intellectual life and presents a comprehensive overview of Fichte's dynamic philosophy, from his engagement with Kant to his rigorously systematic and nuanced Wissenschaftslehre. Covering a variety of issues in epistemology, ontology, moral and political philosophy, as well as philosophy of religion, an international team of experts on Fichte explores his important contributions to philosophy. Arranged chronologically, their chapters chart Fichte's intellectual and philosophical development and the progression of his thought, identifying what motivated his philosophical inquiry and revealing why his ideas continues to shape discussions today. Alongside specially commissioned chapters advancing new insights into Fichte, there are topical discussions of conceptions and issues central to his philosophy. Featuring a chronology of Fichte's life, as well as a timeline of his publications and lectures, this is an invaluable practical research resource for all Fichte scholars or anyone studying Fichte and German idealism for the first time

"Danilo Facca investigates the contribution of Aristotelianism in the emergence of a system of philosophical disciplines for schools and universities in the late Renaissance and Early Modern age. Facca charts the intellectual context of this process, focusing on the interpretation of Aristotelianism at renowned German, Italian and Polish centres of study including Milan, Padua, Altdorf, Helmstedt, Torun and Gdansk, at a time when the authority of the Aristotelian tradition was under direct threat from the dissemination of Peter Ramus' thought. Each chapter assesses engagement with and criticism of ideas from Aristotelian theoretical and practical philosophy. They bring together the writings of major figures, including Peter Ramus and Bartholomũs Keckermann, and lesser-known academics who have not received sufficient recognition in existing literature, such as Ottaviano Ferrari, Philipp Scherb, Ernst Soner and Franz Tidike. By discussing the relationship of these academics with the Aristotelian legacy, this book reveals how innovative ideas that emerged during the late-sixteenth and early-seventeenth centuries were actually formed through the reworking, and even distortion of concepts originally derived from Aristotle."--

"As the first translation into any modern language of Achenwall's Ius naturae, from the 1763 edition used by Immanuel Kant, this open access book is an essential work for students and Kant scholars. For over twenty years, Kant used this book as the basis for his lectures on natural law. It has influenced his legal and political philosophy, as well as his ethics, and is indispensable for understanding Kant's Feyerabend Lectures on Natural Law and his Metaphysics of Morals. Achenwall's Ius naturae focuses on the fundamental principles of legal and political philosophy. It first discusses the natural rights and obligations pertaining to the relations of humans independently of their membership in particular communities, and then discusses those pertaining to the family, the state, and international relations. Articulating his theory with clear definitions, precise distinctions, and instructive comparisons with the work of Grotius, Hobbes, Pufendorf, Wolff, and others, Achenwall offers a lucid account that fits squarely in the natural law tradition. His handbook is of interest to scholars of natural law, social contract theory, and the history of political theory more generally. This is a complete English translation of both volumes of the 1763 edition. The volume also includes an Introduction by eminent Kant scholar Paul Guyer, comparing Achenwall's theory to the legal and political philosophy of Kant's Doctrine of Right. Moreover, the volume features a concordance correlating the Ius naturae to Kant's Feyerabend Lectures on Natural Law."--

"In his perceptive and provocative new book, Alastair Hannay contests two prejudices that have dogged the appreciation of Soren Kierkegaard's writings. These are that to grasp their contemporary impact, the religious focus must be referred to his personal background, and that their varied voices mirror a fragmentation in his own relationship to self and society. It was for paying lip-service to their own values that Kierkegaard castigated his society, his diagnosis being that this was one of many ways in which more pressing and disturbing questions of existence were typically evaded. It is in the renowned thinker's own struggle for selfhood that Hannay sees his prescient anticipation of the current focus on issues relating to integration, acceptance and identity. By cultivating a role as the social misfit within his innate exceptionality Kierkegaard deliberately exposed himself to the problems to which an age gripped by 'identity politics' is now responding. By cleverly examining the relation between his richly conceived polemics and Kierkegaard's own preoccupation with identity, Hannay has written an essential new text for Kierkegaard scholars and students of Continental philosophy and existentialism."--

"Providing a clear interpretation of Hegel's characterizations of possibility and actuality in the Science of Logic , this book departs from the standard understandings of these concepts to break new ground in Hegelian scholarship. The book draws out some of the implications of Hegel's view of immanent possibility, especially as it relates to Leibniz's thesis of modal optimism: his view that this world is the best of all possible worlds. Reading Hegel as a philosopher of possibility, against a tradition that has conceived of him primarily as a philosopher of necessity, rationality, and finitude, Nahum Brown demonstrates the historical background and philosophical traditions from which Hegel's concept of possibility emerges. Systematically outlining Hegel's conceptions of positive and negative freedom, Brown reveals the Hegelian underpinnings of our conception of reality and what it is to be in the world itself. Original and convincing, this book is crucial for philosophers approaching modality from any tradition."--

List of Contributors -- Abbreviations for Works Written by Hume -- Preface -- David Hume - A Timeline -- Introduction -- 1. Hume's Life, Intellectual Context and Reception Emilio Mazza -- 2. Hume's Empiricist Inner Epistemology: A Reassessment of the Copy Principle Tom Seppalainen and Angela Coventry -- 3. Hume's 'Scepticism' About Induction Peter Millican -- 4. The Psychology and Epistemology of Hume's Account of Probable Reasoning Lorne Falkenstein -- 5. Causation and Necessary Connection Alan Bailey -- 6. Hume on Scepticism and the Moral Sciences Helen Beebee -- 7. The Self and Personal Identity Harold Noonan -- 8. 'All My Hopes Vanish': Hume on the Mind Galen Strawson -- 9. Action, Reason and the Passions Constantine Sandis -- 10. Free Will James A. Harris -- 11. Hume on Miracles Duncan Pritchard and Alasdair Richmond -- 12. David Hume and the Argument to Design Andrew Pyle -- 13. Psychological Explanations of Religious Belief David O'Connor -- 14. Hume's Sentimentalist Account of Moral Judgement Julia Driver -- 15. Hume and the Virtues Dan O'Brien -- 16. Hume's Human Nature Russell Hardin -- 17. Hume and Feminism Lívia Guimarês -- 18. Hume on Economic Well-Being Margaret Schabas -- 19. 'Of the Standard of Taste': Decisions, Rules and Critical Argument Mark W. Rowe -- 20. Hume on History Timothy M. Costelloe -- 21. Hume's Legacy and the Idea of British Empiricism Paul Russell -- Bibliography -- Index

"The Descartes Dictionary is an accessible guide to the world of the seventeenth-century philosopher René Descartes. Meticulously researched and extensively cross-referenced, this unique book covers all his major works, ideas and influences, and provides a firm grounding in the central themes of Descartes' thought. The introduction provides a biographical sketch, a brief account of Descartes' philosophical works, and a summary of the current state of Cartesian studies, discussing trends in research over the past four decades. The A-Z entries include clear definitions of the key terms used in Descartes' writings and detailed synopses of his works. Also included are entries noting philosophical influences, of both figures that influenced Descartes and those that he in turn influenced. For anyone reading or studying Descartes, rationalism, or modern philosophy more generally, this original resource provides a wealth of useful information, analysis, and criticism. Including clear explanations of often complex terminology, The Descartes Dictionary covers everything that is essential to a sound understanding of Descartes' philosophy"--

Examines Poland's connection to Western culture, drawing on historical illustrations from the nineteenth & early twentieth centuries. Discussed are Polish feelings of belonging to West European culture, the characterization of Poland as a bridge between East & West Europe, Polish concerns over loss of national identity, & aspirations of building an independent, united Polish state. It is argued that the conviction of spiritual unity with the West prompted by the Catholic church was an important element in distinguishing Poland as a West European nation. S. Davies

AMO, Anton Wilhelm (c. 1700-c. 1759)AMTHOR, Christoph Heinrich (1677-1721); ANCILLON, Johann Peter Friedrich (1767-1837); ANCILLON, Louis Frédéric (1740-1814); APIN, Siegmund Jacob (1693-1732); ARGENS, Jean-Baptiste de Boyer (1703-71); ARNOLD, Gottfried (1666-1714); ARNOLDT, Daniel Heinrich (1706-75); ASCHER, Saul (Theodiscus) (1767-1822); B; BAADER, Benedikt Franz Xaver von (1765-1841); BACH, Carl Philipp Emanuel (1714-88); BAGGESEN, Jens (1764-1826); BAHRDT, Carl Friedrich (1741-92); BALDINGER, Dorothea Friderika (1739-86); BANDEMER, Susanne von (1751-1828); BARBEYRAC, Jean (1674-1744).

Research on federalism is rarely concerned with its philosophical foundations. However, arguments on why and how best to organise a plurality of states in a multilevel political order have first been discussed by philosophers and continue to inspire contemporary reasoning on international and supranational relations not only in political philosophy. This book offers a unique overview of the philosophical foundations of federalism from both a historical and a systematic perspective. The analyses proposed by renowned scholars from the US and from several European countries cover classic writers such as Hobbes and the authors of the Federalist Papers, Kant and Rawls, and range from anthropological justifications of federal orders to contemporary problems of EU constitutionalism, the principle of subsidiarity and the jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). The book is of relevance to anyone interested in philosophical justifications of federalism.

In Kierkegaard's Romantic Legacy, Anoop Gupta develops an original theory of the self based on Kierkegaard's writings. Gupta proceeds by historical exegesis and considers several important ways of thinking about self outside of the natural sciences. His study moves theories of the self from theology toward sociology, from a God-relationship to a social one, and illustrates how a loss in theological underpinnings partly contributes to the rise in the popularity of cultural relativism. By drawing on Kierkegaard's writings, Gupta develops a metaphysical account of the self that provides an alternative to the idea that there is no such thing as human nature