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The Welsh kingdoms originally retained their independence after the Norman conquest of England in 1066, but most Normans given fiefs along the Welsh borders gradually expanded into Wales. The result of this ambition was the Marcher Lordships. Warfare was commonplace and lasted until the last Welsh prince was subdued in 1282. Due to the importance of their defensive roles, Marcher lords received or seized authority generally reserved for the crown elsewhere in the realm. They presided over court cases and had their own law codes, often a mix of Norman and native Welsh law codes. Most Marcher Lords commanded sizeable feudal forces. Effectively semi-independent, Marcher Lords often found themselves at the forefront of baronial rebellions. My paper examines the history of the struggles between the kings of England and their marcher vassals, with an examination of the means by which Henry VIII subdued their power in the sixteenth century, as well as the relationship of the lords and the Welsh. PART OF SESSION 4A. SOCIETY AT WAR: Comment: Charity Urbanski, University of WashingtonChair: Dane J. Cash, Carroll College Melina Arciniega, University of Alaska Fairbanks, undergraduate student"Born and Bred in Blood: The Fall of the Aztec Empire" Rebecca Devereaux, Whitworth University, undergraduate student"Charlemagne: Nuancing the Conventional Narrative" Luke Lambert, Gonzaga University, undergraduate student"Sicut Regale: An Analysis of the Sovereignty and Rule of the Welsh Marcher Lords" Craig J. Verniest, Seattle University, undergraduate student"The Manifestation of Total War in the Mexican Revolution"

International audience ; The paper shows how different organizations in the post-devolution period have erected internal borders within Wales, which reflect Welsh linguistic geographies and differing constructions of the 'true' extent of the Wales linguistic nation. Key to this debate has been the formation of the pressure group Cymuned. Cymuned's formation has led to numerous political and territorial tensions with the discourses promoted by established linguistic and political movements within Wales. Theoretically, the paper illustrates the importance of viewing borders and territories as spatial entities that are narrated in character. Empirically, it sheds light on the complexity of borders in post-devolution Wales.

The paper shows how different organizations in the post-devolution period have erected internal borders within Wales, which reflect Welsh linguistic geographies and differing constructions of the 'true' extent of the Wales linguistic nation. Key to this debate has been the formation of the pressure group Cymuned. Cymuned's formation has led to numerous political and territorial tensions with the discourses promoted by established linguistic and political movements within Wales. Theoretically, the paper illustrates the importance of viewing borders and territories as spatial entities that are narrated in character. Empirically, it sheds light on the complexity of borders in post-devolution Wales.

Atlantic slavery does not loom large in the traditional telling of Welsh history. Yet Wales, like many regions of Europe, was deeply affected by the forced migration of captive Africans. This book looks at Slave Wales between 1650 and 1850. It casts light on episodes such as Welsh involvement with slave-based copper mining in 19th-century Cuba

Wales Says Yesprovides the definitive account and analysis of the March 2011 Welsh referendum. Drawing on extensive historical research, the book explains the background to the referendum, why it was held, and what was at stake. The book also explains how the rival Yes and No campaigns emerged, and the varying degree of success with which they functioned. Finally, it considers what the results may mean for the future of both Wales and the United Kingdom