Suchergebnisse

Water availability for human consumption and other uses is a priority of any welfare government. Beside human consumption, water availability for industrial use has become a major challenge for the governments vying for rapid industrialization for achieving high growth rate and increasing employment opportunities. Drought prone state like Rajasthan faces an uphill task to manage its drinking water supply in lean years let alone providing enough water for its industries. With two third of DMIC project running through Rajasthan, it throws major challenge before authorities to manage water supply needed by the industries planned under DMIC. This paper throws light on the features of DMIC project in Rajasthan. in terms of land acquisition and demarcation by authorities, plans for water supply, management, recycle and reuse of water, tackling infrastructure impediments related to rehabilitation and resettlement and planning for proving a standard urban life to the people coming to work in the DMIC industrial zones. With all the emerging trends in Management, Science and Technology, proper water management offers not only multifaceted opportunities but also many challenges to overcome. This paper identifies water as one of the biggest impediments in successful development of DMIC in Rajasthan. Though authorities have focused much on recycle and reuse of water besides bringing in water from Chambal river, flowing 250 KM away. However, the paper concludes that success of DMIC is going to depend on how authorities manages water need of the industry and people in the area in coming decades and current plans are not only too optimistic but may also result in disastrous failure of DMIC in Rajasthan.

<div><p><em>Water availability for human consumption and other uses is a priority of any welfare government. Beside human consumption, water availability for industrial use has become a major challenge for the governments vying for rapid industrialization for achieving high growth rate and increasing employment opportunities. Drought prone state like Rajasthan faces an uphill task to manage its drinking water supply in lean years let alone providing enough water for its industries. With two third of DMIC project running through Rajasthan, it throws major challenge before authorities to manage water supply needed by the industries planned under DMIC. </em><em>This paper throws light on the features of DMIC project in Rajasthan. in terms of land acquisition and demarcation by authorities, plans for water supply, management, recycle and reuse of water, tackling infrastructure impediments related to rehabilitation and resettlement and planning for proving a standard urban life to the people coming to work in the DMIC industrial zones. </em><em>With all the emerging trends in Management, Science and Technology, proper water management offers not only multifaceted opportunities but also many challenges to overcome. </em><em> This paper identifies water as one of the biggest </em><em>impediments in successful development of DMIC in Rajasthan. Though authorities have focused much on recycle and reuse of water besides bringing in water from Chambal river, flowing 250 KM away. However, the paper concludes that success of DMIC is going to depend on how authorities manages water need of the industry and people in the area in coming decades and current plans are not only too optimistic but may also result in disastrous failure of DMIC in Rajasthan.</em></p></div>

Exposures to chlorination by‐products (CBP) within public water supplies are multiroute in water. Cold water is primarily used for ingestion while a mixture of cold water and hot water is used for showering, bathing others, dish washing, etc. These latter two activities result in inhalation and dermal exposure. Heating water was observed to change the concentration of various CBP. An increase in the trihalomethanes (THM) concentrations and a decrease in the haloacetonitriles and halopropanones concentration, though an initial rise in the concentration of dichloropropanone, were observed. The extent of the increase in the THM is dependent on the chlorine residual present. Therefore, estimates of total exposure to CBP from public water supplies need to consider any changes in their concentration with different water uses. The overall THM exposures calculated using the THM concentration in heated water were 50% higher than those calculated using the THM concentration present in cold water. The estimated lifetime cancer risk associated with exposure to THM in water during the shower is therefore underestimated by 50% if the concentration of THM in cold water is used in the risk assessment.

12 p. ; International audience ; This paper shows the real situation about management of water and wastewater in Lebanon and focuses on problems related to urban water pollution released in environment. Water and wastewater infrastructures have been rebuilt since 1992. However, wastewater management still remains one of the greatest challenges facing Lebanese people, since water supply projects have been given priority over wastewater projects. As a consequence of an increased demand of water by agricultural, industrial and household sectors in the last decade, wastewater flows have been increased. In this paper, the existing wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) operating in Lebanon are presented. Most of them are small-scale community-based ones, only two large-scale plants, constructed by the government, are currently operational. Lebanese aquatic ecosystems are suffering from the deterioration of water quality because of an insufficient treatment of wastewater, which is limited mostly to pre-treatment processes. In fact, domestic and industrial effluents are mainly conducted together in the sewer pipes to the WWTP before being discharged, without adequate treatment into the rivers or directly into the Mediterranean Sea. Such discharges are threatening the coastal marine ecosystem in the Mediterranean basin. This paper aims at giving the current state of knowledge about water uses and wastewater management in Lebanon. The main conclusion drawn from this state of art is a lack of data. In fact, the available data are limited to academic researches without being representative on a national scale.

12 p. ; International audience ; This paper shows the real situation about management of water and wastewater in Lebanon and focuses on problems related to urban water pollution released in environment. Water and wastewater infrastructures have been rebuilt since 1992. However, wastewater management still remains one of the greatest challenges facing Lebanese people, since water supply projects have been given priority over wastewater projects. As a consequence of an increased demand of water by agricultural, industrial and household sectors in the last decade, wastewater flows have been increased. In this paper, the existing wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) operating in Lebanon are presented. Most of them are small-scale community-based ones, only two large-scale plants, constructed by the government, are currently operational. Lebanese aquatic ecosystems are suffering from the deterioration of water quality because of an insufficient treatment of wastewater, which is limited mostly to pre-treatment processes. In fact, domestic and industrial effluents are mainly conducted together in the sewer pipes to the WWTP before being discharged, without adequate treatment into the rivers or directly into the Mediterranean Sea. Such discharges are threatening the coastal marine ecosystem in the Mediterranean basin. This paper aims at giving the current state of knowledge about water uses and wastewater management in Lebanon. The main conclusion drawn from this state of art is a lack of data. In fact, the available data are limited to academic researches without being representative on a national scale.

12 p. ; International audience ; This paper shows the real situation about management of water and wastewater in Lebanon and focuses on problems related to urban water pollution released in environment. Water and wastewater infrastructures have been rebuilt since 1992. However, wastewater management still remains one of the greatest challenges facing Lebanese people, since water supply projects have been given priority over wastewater projects. As a consequence of an increased demand of water by agricultural, industrial and household sectors in the last decade, wastewater flows have been increased. In this paper, the existing wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) operating in Lebanon are presented. Most of them are small-scale community-based ones, only two large-scale plants, constructed by the government, are currently operational. Lebanese aquatic ecosystems are suffering from the deterioration of water quality because of an insufficient treatment of wastewater, which is limited mostly to pre-treatment processes. In fact, domestic and industrial effluents are mainly conducted together in the sewer pipes to the WWTP before being discharged, without adequate treatment into the rivers or directly into the Mediterranean Sea. Such discharges are threatening the coastal marine ecosystem in the Mediterranean basin. This paper aims at giving the current state of knowledge about water uses and wastewater management in Lebanon. The main conclusion drawn from this state of art is a lack of data. In fact, the available data are limited to academic researches without being representative on a national scale.

12 p. ; International audience ; This paper shows the real situation about management of water and wastewater in Lebanon and focuses on problems related to urban water pollution released in environment. Water and wastewater infrastructures have been rebuilt since 1992. However, wastewater management still remains one of the greatest challenges facing Lebanese people, since water supply projects have been given priority over wastewater projects. As a consequence of an increased demand of water by agricultural, industrial and household sectors in the last decade, wastewater flows have been increased. In this paper, the existing wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) operating in Lebanon are presented. Most of them are small-scale community-based ones, only two large-scale plants, constructed by the government, are currently operational. Lebanese aquatic ecosystems are suffering from the deterioration of water quality because of an insufficient treatment of wastewater, which is limited mostly to pre-treatment processes. In fact, domestic and industrial effluents are mainly conducted together in the sewer pipes to the WWTP before being discharged, without adequate treatment into the rivers or directly into the Mediterranean Sea. Such discharges are threatening the coastal marine ecosystem in the Mediterranean basin. This paper aims at giving the current state of knowledge about water uses and wastewater management in Lebanon. The main conclusion drawn from this state of art is a lack of data. In fact, the available data are limited to academic researches without being representative on a national scale.

One of the greatest challenges facing developing countries is the provision of basic services and infrastructure. Provision of these services and infrastructure in these countries is often characterised by ineffectiveness, low quality, inaccessibility and unreliability. One basic service that has proven to be particularly problematic is the provision of water and sanitation, Poor delivery of this service affecting and is affected by the level of economic development of any nation. The main objectives of this study are to determine how much Swazi households are willing to pay (WTP) for an improvement in their water quality and quantity1. as well as establishing the possible factors affecting this WTP. This will help to put in monetary terms the value of good quality and quantity of domestic water in Swaziland as well as factors that affect this monetary value. The study used the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) to evaluate improvements in domestic water quality and quantity, based on households' perception of domestic water in Swaziland. The method involved an analysis of the factors determining households' WTP for improved domestic water quality, quantity and the health risk concern from using it. The project covered the eleven main towns of Swaziland with a sample taken from both the rural and urban areas of the towns. The results obtained indicated that the WTP for the domestic water quality and quantity improvements is small but significant. There were more households in the rural areas willing to pay for improvements in the quality (67%) of water than in the urban areas (20%). The same trend was observed for the willingness to pay for water quantity. Approximately 58% of households in the rural areas and 6% of households in the urban areas were willing to pay for increased water quantity. However, the rural households were willing to pay on average an amount of E6.44 for improved water quality per month, which was much lower than the average amount urban households were willing to pay (E16.40). In contrast households in the rural area were more willing to pay for increased quantities (E7.13) than households in the urban areas (E6.82), albeit the small difference between the figures. On average the rural households were consuming less water (0.92m3) per month than their urban counterparts (6.92m3). Rural household heads earned an average income of E1269.49 made up a per capita mean income of E2002. Urban households heads' average income was E4830 and the per capita mean income was E 1092.00. Moreover, the survey results show that people aware of health hazards brought about by using unhealthy water are inclined to conserve the water quality by paying a fee for it. Not all the households were willing to pay for improvements in water services. In the urban areas, these were households that were satisfied with the status of the water condition (94%). And in the rural areas these were households that could not afford to pay for improvements (42%). In the latter case, the households mainly use non-monetary transactions for the exchange of services and goods and have never paid for water services before. They believed that access to adequate water quality and quantity was a basic right that should be provided by the government. In addition they did not trust their local authorities and believed that if they were to pay for improve water services their money would not be used accordingly.

Lake Hawassa is one of the Major Ethiopian Rift Valley Lakes which is situated in southern regional state, which has a closed basin system and receives water from only Tikurwuha River and runoff from the catchment. Quality of the lake water is vital for the surrounding community for proper and safe use of the lake. The present study was designed to examine the physicochemical and biological water quality suitability for multiple purposes and to determine trophic state index of the lake for a period of three months from December to February, 2011/12. Water samples were collected from the lake on monthly basis and analyzed for all water quality parameters by using standard methods. Data analysis was performed by descriptive, multivariate analysis (MANOVA%

Environmental water uses and their social values have been mostly overlooked in traditional water management over the last few decades, and recently, the maintenance of environmental flows has been considered a key issue in water policies. Addressing the more sustainable management of water resources involves introducing new water allocation policies. However, these policies are often associated with tradeoffs across sectors, stakeholders, and spatial locations. This study aims to evaluate the tradeoffs and political economy aspects of allocating water among economic water uses and environmental flows in water-scarce river basins. An empirical analysis has been conducted in the Ebro River basin (Spain) as a case study, where an intense debate on the environmental flow allocation of the Ebro mouth is taking place. The study uses a hydroeconomic model that includes the major water uses in the Ebro to analyze the effects of different water allocation policies under combinations of water availability and environmental flow scenarios. The results of this study highlight the importance of assessing the opportunity costs and political implications of reallocating water from economic activities to the environment under impending climate change impacts. Moreover, the results indicate that well-functioning water allocation policies should be not only economically efficient but also socially acceptable to reduce the likelihood of failure of water reallocation to the environment.

Environmental water uses and their social values have been mostly overlooked in traditional water management over the last few decades, and recently, the maintenance of environmental flows has been considered a key issue in water policies. Addressing the more sustainable management of water resources involves introducing new water allocation policies. However, these policies are often associated with tradeoffs across sectors, stakeholders, and spatial locations. This study aims to evaluate the tradeoffs and political economy aspects of allocating water among economic water uses and environmental flows in water-scarce river basins. An empirical analysis has been conducted in the Ebro River basin (Spain) as a case study, where an intense debate on the environmental flow allocation of the Ebro mouth is taking place. The study uses a hydroeconomic model that includes the major water uses in the Ebro to analyze the effects of different water allocation policies under combinations of water availability and environmental flow scenarios. The results of this study highlight the importance of assessing the opportunity costs and political implications of reallocating water from economic activities to the environment under impending climate change impacts. Moreover, the results indicate that well-functioning water allocation policies should be not only economically efficient but also socially acceptable to reduce the likelihood of failure of water reallocation to the environment. ; Published