Suchergebnisse

Polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE), used as flame retardants, are named as priority substances in the Directive 2000/60/EC of the European parliament and of the council establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy. An annual average environmental quality standard (EQS) for inland surface waters of 0.0005 µg/L (0.0002 µg/L for other surface waters) for PBDE congeners involved in the technical penta-PBDE mixtures containing PBDE with five bromine atoms has been established. The directives focus especially on the congeners PBDE 28, 47, 99, 100, 153 and 154 contained in the penta-PBDE mixture. Up to now, no reference measurement procedures have been established reaching the limits of quantification (LOQs) and the associated uncertainties as defined in the directives with results traceable to the SI. Within a recent European project on metrology, different approaches for the traceable quantification of PBDE, based on liquid/liquid or solid phase extraction followed by the detection with gas chromatography coupled to either inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry or triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, were investigated and the related LOQs and expanded uncertainties of the results were compared. A complete uncertainty budget for each method was estimated according to the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM). All presented analytical procedures can serve as reference measurement procedures regarding the LOQs and their associated expanded uncertainties for monitoring the six priority PBDEs named above. LOQs as low as 0.026 ng/kg with an associated expanded uncertainty of 0.002 ng/kg could be achieved.

La Directiva Marco Europea del Agua es la norma legislativa más importante que ha establecido la Comisión Europea, en materia de aguas, y constituye un importante avance para lograr una gestión sostenible del agua. Esta norma exige que todas las aguas, alcancen en el 2015 un status bueno e indica los pasos a seguir para conseguirlo, mediante el establecimiento de objetivos ecológicos y medioambientales en las mismas. Para concretar estos objetivos, la DMA ha establecido un sistema de indicadores biológicos, hidro-morfológicos y fisicoquímicos que determinan la calidad ecológica de las diferentes masas de agua. Para proporcionar una clasificación ecológica de las masas de agua costeras en la Comunidad Valencia existe una red de monitoreo costera que analiza la biomasa de fitoplancton, de forma indirecta a partir de la clorofila a. En las mismas, se establece la calidad de las aguas costeras en base al valor del percentil 90 del total de mediciones de clorofila a recogidas en sucesivas campañas mensuales durante un período de 5 años. Se ha considerado la posibilidad de reducir el número de campañas realizadas a lo largo del año y la posibilidad de reducir el número de estaciones revisadas en cada campaña y que consecuencias lleva esta reducción por estado ecológico. Los resultados del estudio exploratorio para la reducción temporal, muestran que una reducción no controlada en el número de campañas realizadas a lo largo del año en las aguas costeras valencianas, puede producir alteraciones impredecibles en su clasificación ecológica. Un estudio conjunto de las series pluviométricas, de oleaje, salinidad y clorofila a, para los tres climas marítimos presentes en las aguas costeras valencianas, ha permitido observar que el equilibrio trófico de los ecosistemas, en esta zona, depende tanto de la influencia antropogénica como de factores medioambientales determinados por la estacionalidad e irregularidad del clima. En base a ello, se han definido tres tipos de ecosistema ; Abramic, A. (2011). ANALYSIS OF MONITORING ...

Under the Water Framework Directive, public participation was identified as a key part of water planning. This caused a paradigm shift in Danish water planning. Water councils in River Basin Districts were established to provide public input on how to improve the physical conditions in streams. A study of the water councils found that Denmark has complied with the requirements of making background information available to the public and ensuring consultation. The facilitation of the councils' processes has worked well. However, while they are presented as the 'new governance option' in Danish water planning, this does not accord with reality. The water council processes are limited in scope and controlled by the central government. Their process can be better characterized as expanded stakeholder consultation, officially part of the policy process but involving very little active public involvement. The article concludes by indicating the consequences for participation and collaborative innovation.

The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) is built upon significant cognitive developments in the field of ecological science but also encourages active involvement of all interested parties in its implementation. The coexistence in the same policy text of both substantive and procedural approaches to policy development stimulated this research as did our concerns about the implications of substantive ecological visions within the WFD policy for promoting, or not, social learning processes through participatory designs. We have used a qualitative analysis of the WFD text which shows the ecological dimension of the WFD dedicates its quasi-exclusive attention to a particular current of thought in ecosystems science focusing on ecosystems status and stability and considering human activities as disturbance factors. This particular worldview is juxtaposed within the WFD with a more utilitarian one that gives rise to many policy exemptions without changing the general underlying ecological model. We discuss these policy statements in the light of the tension between substantive and procedural policy developments. We argue that the dominant substantive approach of the WFD, comprising particular ecological assumptions built upon "compositionalism," seems to be contradictory with its espoused intention of involving the public. We discuss that current of thought in regard to more functionalist thinking and adaptive management, which offers greater opportunities for social learning, i.e., place a set of interdependent stakeholders in an intersubjective position in which they operate a "social construction" of water problems through the co-production of knowledge.

Summarization: The Water Framework Directive (WFD) 2000/60/EC, which has been transposed into the national legislation with the Law 3199/2003 (MoEPPW, 2003), will cause substantial changes in the drinking water pricing policy and the domestic water authorities involved such as the Municipal Enterprises for Water Supply and Sewerage (DEYA). Up to date, drinking water pricing policy has been based only on the recovery of the economic cost and in some cases neither this. Therefore, domestic water is not priced taking into account its real cost. Based on data provided by 74 DEYA representing 2.10 million inh, the average water price is estimated to be 1.19 e/m3 . Analysis of these data reveals a deviation of 41.67% from the real cost. The relation of consumers with the Enterprise, but also that of management and employees, should be a bidirectional relation, in order to be comprehensible by all. Thus, an agreement that will point out that the most excellent quality of water presupposes water policy which will consider sustainability and the current requirements of the Enterprise and of course the consumers should be established between them. ; Παρουσιάστηκε στο: Water Science Technology: Water Supply

Summarization: The Greek regions of Crete and of the Aegean Islands are of the southernmost river basin districts (RBDs) of the European Union. They both have limited water resources, and water demand often surpasses water availability. The geographical fractionation, particularly for the region of the Aegean Islands, is a major constrain for the implementation of an integrated water management plan. This article aims at presenting the current status of water resources in the above regions, and the existing water management plans. The article summarizes the pressures on the water resources of the above geographical regions, and investigates the possibility for utilization of nonconventional water resources, like desalinated seawater, reclaimed wastewater and brackish water. One of the conclusions among others is that the development of novel processes on water resources management should be one of the primary aims of any integrated water management plan. ; Παρουσιάστηκε στο: Desalination

ABSTRACTAlthough wetlands are referred to in the statement of purpose of the Water Framework Directive and in the objectives for groundwater status. there are few further references to Member States'obligations towards them in the body of the Directive or its annexes. This paper (a) describes wetlands and their functions, and argues that they play an essential role in aquatic systems, (b) explains the place of wetlands within the Directive, and (c) advocates approaches to implementation in the UK which will ensure maximum human and ecological benefit.

Environmental Science and Engineering; Water Policy/Water Governance/Water Management; Geoecology/Natural Processes

The water consumed by humans should have no negative impact on their health. In 1998, the European Council adopted Directive 98/83/EC of3 November 3, 1998, on the quality of water intended for human consumption, aimed at protecting public health. The directive considers the standards for drinking water and the conditions for providing the EU population with clean and healthy water. Clean drinking water supply is inextricably related to the state of surface water. The Water Framework Directive (WFD) of the European Union, which entered into force on December 22, 2000, addresses the issues of establishing a framework for protecting all waters (inland surface water, transitional, coastal and groundwater). This EU Directive considers both chemical aspects of water protection, and also its environmental aspects, such as flow regime, composition and abundance of aquatic organisms. EU countries pay much attention to surface water monitoring and related studies. Surface water monitoring requirements are different in different EU countries and may even vary within one country. Considerable monitoring efforts were made as part of Eurowaternet, or Eionet. For transboundary waters, a United Nations Economic Commission for Europe manual was issued. ; "Interaction of Environment and Human Health: Experience of the European Union", with the reference number 2016-2592 / 001-001, 574826-EPP-1-2016-1-RU-EPPJMO-MODULE Содержание данного материала отражает мнение авторов, Европейская Комиссия не несет ответственности за использование содержащейся в нем информации

Taking over 10 years to develop, the new EU Water Framework Directive is the most significant legal instrument in the water field to emerge from Brussels for some time and will have a profound effect on how water is managed in Europe over the next 25 years. The book outlines its basic features. It explains how the current approach to water management will have to change in order that European Member states and those countries currently in accession negotiations can meet the requirements of the directive, describing a number of examples of current practices as possible systems which could be used in the new approach. The concept of river basin management is outlined, and the potential institutional problems associated with implementing such a system are discussed including the problems associated with cross-border river basins, a common situation in Europe. Examples of existing river basin authorities and international collaboration are given as possible models. The directive requires the establishment of programmes of measures to improve water status. Some countries already use such a concept, and examples are quoted. As a result of its implementation, the directive aims to achieve good water status in all natural surface waters and groundwater in 15 years. For surface waters, the definition of 'good' is based on a new concept of 'ecological quality' taking into account biology, chemistry and their physical features. For groundwater, it includes quantitative status. The approach taken is an integrated one which has to consider all the naturally occurring and human factors which affect the waters. The difficulties of interpretation of the new concept of 'ecological water status' are discussed and some of the examples of current biological and chemical classification schemes that are used in Europe are examined. The directive also alters the way in which pollution is to be controlled - the 'combined' approach. This concept is explained. The EU Water Framework Directive: An Introduction is an invaluable source of guidance on the implementation of the Water Framework Directive for all those concerned with water management including water quality planners and scientists, pollution control and environmental staff in the water and wastewater industries and environmental regulators who all have to adapt to the new approach to their work. Contents Introduction The EU Water Framework Directive Principal Obligations of the Directive Implementation of the Directive Ri ...

ABSTRACTTaken in conjunction with the clauses added to the Water (Scotland) Act 1980 by the Water Act 1989 in respect of quality, as opposed to organizational terms, the introduction of the EC drinking water Directive1 and the proposed water quality Regulations2 represents the most fundamental change to Scottish water supply legislation since the Water (Scotland) Act 1946.The drinking water Directive1 was passed by the European Council on 15 July 1980, with the requirement for full compliance by Member States by 18 July 1985.Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations for Scotland were circulated in draft form by the Scottish Development Department for informal consultation during September 1989. This had been preceded by informal consultation through the Convention of Scottish local authorities during the discussion stage of the UK Advisory Group on Drinking Water Regulations.This paper attempts to provide a simplified interpretation of the proposed Scottish Regulations on drinking water quality. It comments briefly on those requirements likely to have a significant impact on Scottish water authorities, including public communications, laboratory facilities, water treatment operational practices, and capital funding.