Suchergebnisse

The government decision to increase entrance fee in tourist locations has occasionally resulted in protests among the public and tourism operators. The objective of the study, with the context at Sendang Gile water fall, is to estimate the function of recreation demand and estimate the entrance fee acceptable by the visitors. Travel cost method was used in the study. Data of visitors to the tourist destination was collected by purposive sampling method. Results of the study showed that entrance fee increase is acceptable but at the rate lower than that determined in the Government Regulation.

Report of the Texas State Auditor's Office related to determining whether the Water Development Board's State Participation fees were consistent with the authorizing legislation.

ABSTRACTThe Federal German Water Law of 1976 postulated for the first time that a licence for the discharge of wastewater into public watercourses might only be granted when the wastewater, prior to discharge, is treated according to laid‐down standards. In 1976 it was also decided that for the residual pollution load in sewage‐treatment plant effluents a pollution fee has to be paid.At present three pollution units have to be paid per capita and annually for untreated domestic wastewater. One pollution unit is assessed at 17/annum, but the price will be increased to 30/annum in future.Since the pollution units encompass COD, nitrogen, phosphorus, heavy metals, and chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds, the pollution unit is a good tool to compare the effectiveness of treatment. For different drainage systems the residual pollution units (per litre and second) can also be calculated for low‐flow conditions.

Report of the Texas State Auditor's Office related to reviewing the state participation fees the Texas Water Development Board (Board) charges to ensure that the fees are sufficient to recover the Board's costs of administering the State Participation Program.

Do voters punish incumbent legislators for raising service costs? Concern about electoral punishment is considered a leading obstacle to increasing taxes and fees to fund service provision, but empirical evidence of such backlash is surprisingly sparse. This paper examines whether voters hold local elected officials accountable for raising water service costs. Using 10 years of panel data on municipal elections and water rates in North Carolina, we find rate increases do not reduce incumbent city council members' vote shares. Local politicians may overestimate their electoral risk from raising taxes and fees to fund public services.

Agriculture is an essential sector of Uzbekistan's economy, with 17.6% of GDP in 2016 and engaging about 26% of the labor force. Having dry climatic conditions, with annual rainfall of 100–300 mm, agriculture is an abundant consumer of the country's natural resources. More precisely, the agricultural sector constitutes 92% of Uzbekistan's total water use, which is on average of 56 billion cubic meters of water. This is equal to 60% of all water use in Central Asia. By 2020, irrigated area of Uzbekistan is forecast to increase between 5 and 11% and overall demand for water resources could increase up to 19%. Taking into account the growing pressure on water resources, the Government of Uzbekistan is introducing water conservation policies to mitigate existing and future stresses to water sector. However, to date neither incentives to introduce water saving technologies nor penalties on water users for violating the order of water use have been effective. A lack of incentives for water savings is a key factor affecting water use decisions. In Uzbekistan, water supply for water users (municipal services, agriculture, industry, energy, etc.) is at the expense of the state budget and considered free of charge for the users. Thus, government interventions aimed at the rational use of water resources have minimal impact. This could explain the fact that water application by farmers often exceeds, by several times, the biological requirement for agricultural crops. The objective of this study is to investigate financial/economic incentives to support water savings and water productivity improvements at on-farm level in Uzbekistan. To undertake this research the two-part tariff methodology is being applied as an experiment in three selected Water Consumer Associations in three Provinces of Uzbekistan, representing varied natural and climatic regions. Mini-gauging stations were installed and used as so call Smartsticks (low-cost, crowd-sensed technology) to measure discharge. The approach estimates the constant and variable expenses of Water Consumer Associations (WCA) when the water fee is simultaneously linked with crop area and water volume. The results will show the effects of water pricing (i.e. Irrigation service fee) and whether payment for irrigation water can influence the water consumption behavior of farmers. The study outcomes can form the base to recommend new water payment policies at the WCAs level, which in turn can have widespread influence on rational water use and collected revenue for water delivering organizations across regions.

Macroeconomic growth and incomes have been on the rise since the Asian Financial Crisis (AFC), but health service utilization and health outcomes in Indonesia have been slower to improve. Jamkesmas could provide valuable benefits by allowing cardholders to acquire preventative, curative, and catastrophic health care services without fees. When it promotes healthy households, keeps students active, alert, and participating in their education, returns adults to work sooner, and saves households from the high costs of healthcare, Jamkesmas' sizeable individual benefits should be matched by increased social benefits resulting from a healthy and productive population. Jamkesmas has been provided to poor households, but many non-poor have also received Jamkesmas benefits due to dual central and local targeting processes which have led to frequent mismatches and errors in coverage. Health service providers find Jamkesmas difficult and costly to implement resulting in fewer services provided, and funds spent, on Jamkesmas beneficiaries. Local regulations regarding public health center management often conflict with Jamkesmas mandates, leaving health service providers confused and unwilling to use Jamkesmas funds to provide Jamkesmas beneficiaries with planned services. The future costs of an improved Jamkesmas program have not been adequately publicized and Jamkesmas' financial, fiscal, and political sustainability is uncertain.

In view of the complexity and uncertainty of water resources, this paper chooses an evaluation index system of 13 indicators based on the fuzzy mathematics model in three aspects: water resources, water quality and socioeconomic status. The entropy method was used to determine the weight of the index, and the water resource value of Nanjing in 2011&ndash ; 2015 was dynamically evaluated. The results show that the price of water resources in Nanjing from 2011 to 2015 rose from 3.43 yuan/m3 to 5.94 yuan/m3, showing a clear upward trend, but the corresponding price of water expenditure accounted for a proportion of disposable income from 2.27% to 1.87% during the same time period. This counterfactual trend proves that the current water price in Nanjing is relatively low and is not conducive to the efficient use of water resources. Given the fact that water prices have larger room for growth, the city government could initiate the reform of water pricing system and re-enact the water fee collection standards to achieve optimal allocation of water resources and sustainable development.

AbstractThe policy on irrigation service fee had been adopted in irrigated agriculture in Vietnam for decades but has changed to exemption since 2008. This study surveyed irrigation systems in the Red River basin and found that the ratio of irrigated area to cultivation command area of irrigation system increased from 85% to 91% for a period 2008–2014 thanks to increased maintenance fund for upgrading irrigation systems. Using the Difference in Difference method, the study assessed impact of the policy on on‐farm irrigation performance, agricultural productivity, and household economy at sites across the 44,600 ha of the Cau Son Irrigation System. The analysis found that the exemption policy had a negative and significant impact (p < 0.01) on on‐farm irrigation performance measured by flexibility, reliability, and equity indicators. We found the exemption caused no significant impact on agriculture productivity, cultivation labor, or rice yield in the study area. While net cultivation income of the sample households increased, total income and gross cultivation income of these households were not affected as irrigation service fee accounts for only 1–2% of the total annual household incomes. For improved irrigation performance, it is recommended to revise the current exemption policy and follow a cost recovery approach.