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Intro -- SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: U.S. AND CHINESE ECONOMIC ENGAGEMENT -- SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: U.S. AND CHINESE ECONOMIC ENGAGEMENT -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: TRENDS IN U.S. AND CHINESE ECONOMIC ENGAGEMENT -- WHY GAO DID THIS STUDY -- WHAT GAO FOUND -- ABBREVIATIONS -- BACKGROUND -- U.S. and Chinese Economies -- Anticorruption Laws for U.S. and Chinese Firms -- U.S. and Chinese Government Agencies Engaged in Sub-Saharan Africa -- U.S. Government Entities -- Chinese Government Entities -- U.S. GOALS HAVE EMPHASIZED DEMOCRACY AND DEVELOPMENT IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA, WHILE CHINA'S POLICY UNDERSCORES MUTUAL BENEFIT AND NONINTERFERENCE -- U.S. Goals and Programs for Sub-Saharan Africa Include Focus on Development and Emphasis on Democracy and Economic Growth -- China's Stated Policy for Africa Emphasizes Mutual Benefit and Noninterference -- DATA SHOW GROWTH IN U.S. AND CHINESE TRADE WITH SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SINCE 2001, BUT DATA ON CHINA'S GRANTS, LOANS, AND INVESTMENTS ARE LIMITED -- U.S. and Chinese Trade in Goods with Sub-Saharan Africa Increased from 2001 to 2011 -- Crude Oil and Other Natural Resources Have Dominated U.S. and Chinese Imports of Goods from Sub-Saharan Africa -- Chinese Exports of Machinery, Transport Equipment, and Manufactured Goods Exceeded U.S. Exports of Goods to Sub-Saharan Africa -- United States and China Have Several Common Trading Partners in Sub-Saharan Africa, but China's Reach Is Greater -- U.S. Trade in Services with Sub-Saharan Africa Is Estimated to Exceed 11 Billion per Year, but Data on China's Trade in Services with the Region Are Unavailable -- U.S. Government Grants and Loans to Sub-Saharan Africa Have Increased since 2001, but China Does Not Publish Data on Its Financing -- Reported U.S. Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa Exceeded China's Reported Investment for 2007 through 2011

In this section on the Capabilities, Trends & Economics of regional military defense capabilities, the military trends & priorities of Sub-Saharan Africa are assessed. The diminished optimism for the military piece support capability in countries of the African Union (AU) to deal with regional conflict is related to maritime security, & humanitarian aid for HIV\AIDS & famine. A comparative discussion of conflict in the region delineates advances & challenges in the Horn of Africa and Central Africa. The change in budgetary trends to move from defense spending to a focus on poverty, social services, & infrastructure spending is evidenced throughout the entire region. A detailed assessment follows of forty-four countries military capabilities that inventories troops, organizations by service & equipment, deployment, & foreign forces. Tables. J. Harwell

How to best address the range of diverse security challenges on the continent has in recent years been a preoccupation of many defense and security establishments. The African Standby Force (ASF) is the African Union's prescribed instrument for eventually meeting the military demands of the continent. West African states faced a range of ongoing security challenges in 2011, notably the conflict in Cote d'Ivoire and continued efforts to combat Islamist armed groups operating in the Sahel. East Africa faced a range of disparate security challenges in 2011, including the continued Ethiopia-Eritrea stand-off, war in Somalia, drought and ongoing hostilities between and within Sudan and South Sudan. Adapted from the source document.

Positive & negative developments that have influenced the security of sub-Saharan nations are examined. Whereas the spread of HIV/AIDS & inadequate food resources have impeded some sub-Saharan countries economic & social development, it is demonstrated that political violence has ravished the development of other countries throughout the region, eg, the Ivory Coast & Nigeria. Even though the Comprehensive Peace Agreement has temporarily stifled internecine conflict in Sudan's Darfur region, it is stressed that peace negotiations in Darfur are shaky & that multiple cross-border disputes further threaten regional security. Improvements to the South African National Defense Forces capabilities are noted, & the economic impact of sub-Saharan countries defense expenditures is pondered. Moreover, detailed information regarding two aspects of sub-Saharan nations defense capabilities -- the service organizations & their deployment -- is provided. Tables. J. W. Parker

This chapter provides an independent & detailed account of military capabilities & defense economics for countries of Sub-Sahara Africa. The political & humanitarian crisis in Sudan & the subsequent flow of Sudanese refugees into the neighboring Chad; and, the disintegrating peace agreement between the government in Khartoum & southern Sudanese rebels all prove to be a constant challenge. In Niger Delta, political instability has threatened the West's access to Nigerian oil. Islamic jihadists have been able to establish a strong presence from the Horn of Africa all the way to Mauritania. Along Africa's coastlines, cocaine smuggling & piracy remain significant challenges. The U.N. most involved peacekeeping missions are in Africa because, both individually & collectively, many African nations lack the military might to deal with the problems occurring on that continent. The African Union is lobbying hard for the bolstering & coordination of African military power. Statistics & details concerning the region's countries' defense budgets & capabilities are provided. C. Goger

Cover -- Contents -- I. Introduction -- II. International and Regional Initiatives Supporting Gender Budgeting -- III. Countries with Prominent Gender Budgeting Efforts -- A. Uganda -- B. Rwanda -- IV. Other Examples of Gender Budgeting in Sub-Saharan Africa -- V. Conclusions and Lessons for Improving Gender Budgeting in the Region -- References -- Figures -- 1. Sub-Saharan African Countries Included in this Review -- 2. GDI, Time-Consistent Version -- 3. Uganda: Trends in Gender Inequality in Uganda and a Comparator Country Group -- 4. Uganda: Trends in School Enrollment

AbstractWe analyse the effect of education on gender parity in wage employment in sub‐Saharan African countries. The data used cover a panel of 43 countries over the period 2000–2019. The two‐stage least squares method is used. The results show that secondary and tertiary education and gender parity in education improve gender equality in wage employment. Therefore, to reduce gender inequality in wage employment, African countries should promote gender equality, particularly in secondary and tertiary education, by adopting policies to alleviate the conditions and costs of schooling for girls.

AbstractJob creation is one of the main challenges for developing countries. The aim of this paper is to analyse the relation between foreign ownership and employment using an original firm‐level dataset that covers 19 sub‐Saharan African countries. Our results show that although foreign firms are generally larger than local ones, the employment they generate is relatively more unskilled labour intensive compared with that generated by domestic firms. We discover substantial differences between foreign investors from the north and the south, in terms of both skill intensity and wage premiums. We also find that, ceteris paribus, Chinese firms employ more workers (mostly blue‐collar workers) and pay lower wages for both skilled and unskilled workers compared with both domestic firms and other foreign investors. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The chapter summarizes developments in military operations from 2009 to early 2010 in the African region. It provides a detailed summary of the ongoing civil war in Sudan, including the Darfur genocide. The chapter summarizes terrorist activity in the region, including al-Qaeda's penetration of Somalia. It treats the European Union and NATO's recent efforts (through Operations Atlanta and Ocean Shield, respectively) to combat piracy off the coast of Somalia. The US considers counter-terrorism and energy security to be its two major strategic interests in Africa. The US Africa Command (AFRICOM), inaugurated in October 2008, is the new combatant command responsible for overseeing these objectives. Since its establishment, the command's primary function has been diplomatic. The chapter notes the world economic crisis's negative impact on defense spending throughout the continent. However, South Africa has been increasing its headline defense budget. The chapter provides a detailed analysis of the current budget for the South African National Defense Force (SANDF). Kenny Cargill