Suchergebnisse

Governments in developing countries face financial constraints to ensure supply of clean drinking water. They may benefit from increasing water charges for those who are be willing to pay little extra in lieu of their demand for improvement in water quality and service. To check the plausibility of this proposal, we investigated drinking water supply and quality, and welloff consumers demand for improved service delivery in Shah-Rukun-e-alam and Mumtazabad towns in Multan city of Pakistan. Qualitative data obtained through a questionnaire survey was analyzed using descriptive and regression techniques. Qualitative information obtained through semi structured interviews was helpful in designing survey questionnaire and to elaborate quantitative results. Results reveal that the respondents accord high importance to the provision of safe drinking water than to other daily household needs. The demand for improvement in water supply parameters exceeds the demand for improvements in water quality parameters, with the reliable supply being the most demanded improvement. Majority realize the government's budget constraints in improving service delivery. Most respondents would pay PKR 100 in addition to what they are paying now. Their willingness to pay (WTP) this amount correlates with their awareness on water and health nexus, and depends household income, number of children under 14 years age and awareness of actual water quality tested through laboratory. Besides recommending raise of water charges by PKR 100 per month per household in both towns, the service quality improvement may consider interventions such as mobile water testing laboratory and awareness campaigns motivate citizens to pay for safe drinking water.

With the exception of Myanmar, Cambodia has the lowest access to piped water supply in the South East Asia region, which was estimated to be 21 percent in 2015. Less than one in ten rural households (7 percent) have access to piped water services on their premises, while for urban households, three out of four households enjoy these services (75 percent) (WHO and UNICEF, 2015). Against this backdrop, the Government of Cambodia in its National Strategic Development Plan 2014-2018 (Royal Government of Cambodia, 2013) prioritizes the acceleration of access to piped water services, in partnership with the domestic private sector. Private water operators are licensed and regulated by the Ministry of Industry and Handicraft (MIH). Scarce public domestic financial resources are solely channeled to state-owned utilities and enforcement of regulations is generally weak. With the exception of the French Development Agency (AFD), most development partners focus their grant and lending support on public utility investments. In 2012 the private sector is already estimated to provide 1.4 million Cambodians with piped water services, with the immediate potential for expansion of existing schemes covering another 2 million and further new schemes that could viably be developed for another 3 million Cambodians (Sy, Warner, & Jamieson, 2014) and ( (DFAT, 2014). Around 300 private sector utilities, around half of which are licensed by the Ministry of Industry and Handicraft (MIH), have a market share of almost 50 percent of those with access to piped services, mostly situated in rural towns and agglomerations of settlements, with 750 to over 3000 household connections. Driven by demand for higher services, the private sector in Cambodia will be an important driver for increasing access to piped water supply, especially in the rapidly urbanizing rural growth centers of Cambodia.

This is a conference paper. ; In Uganda, 15 private operators are currently managing water supply services to 56 small towns, two of which, Kamuli and Rukungiri, were chosen for a case study of performance, service provision and contractual framework. In all, 27 semistructured interviews and eight focus group discussions were conducted with users and representatives of town councils, water supply boards, private operators, governmental and professional organisations. Performance data were collected and analysed from the monthly reports of the private operators. The authors concluded that private sector management of water supply services to small towns in Uganda is improving performance against basic indicators though many users, particularly those purchasing water resold from public standposts and neighbourhood yard taps, perceive the cost of water to be too expensive and the connection fee to be unaffordable.

This is a conference paper. ; Many quarters of development sections are increasingly calling for developmental participation of local people and community organisations in the design and implementation of service delivery models. The school of thought has shifted from the conventional "need based" endeavours to more "asset based" approach that try to understand how best to leverage the existing social and material capital for development and social change. The process of establishing a Water Users Association as a community management model for local water service delivery in low income area of Ndirande-Malabada, turned to be a challenge due to political interference on kiosk management. However through the application of various strategies it helped to form a WUA which is yielding significant results like improving water level of service from 54% to 98% within a period 18 months. This paper illustrates the strategies applied and the short-term results being realised through the WUA model in Ndirande-Blantyre, Malawi.

published_or_final_version ; Public Administration ; Master ; Master of Public Administration

Governments in developing countries face financial constraints to ensure supply of clean drinking water. They may benefit from increasing water charges for those who are be willing to pay little extra in lieu of their demand for improvement in water quality and service. To check the plausibility of this proposal, we investigated drinking water supply and quality, and well- off consumers demand for improved service delivery in Shah-Rukun-e-alam and Mumtazabad towns in Multan city of Pakistan. Qualitative data obtained through a questionnaire survey was analyzed using descriptive and regression techniques. Qualitative information obtained through semi structured interviews was helpful in designing survey questionnaire and to elaborate quantitative results. Results reveal that the respondents accord high importance to the provision of safe drinking water than to other daily household needs. The demand for improvement in water supply parameters exceeds the demand for improvements in water quality parameters, with the reliable supply being the most demanded improvement. Majority realize the government's budget constraints in improving service delivery. Most respondents would pay PKR 100 in addition to what they are paying now. Their willingness to pay (WTP) this amount correlates with their awareness on water and health nexus, and depends household income, number of children under 14 years age and awareness of actual water quality tested through laboratory. Besides recommending raise of water charges by PKR 100 per month per household in both towns, the service quality improvement may consider interventions such as mobile water testing laboratory and awareness campaigns motivate citizens to pay for safe drinking water.

This is a conference paper. ; The Afghanistan Urban Water Supply and Sewerage Corporation (AUWSSC) was formed in 2006 (transformation of the previous government enterprise into a corporation). The liquidation of the previous enterprise, the transferring of assets and liabilities, the selection of the senior management team and the functioning of AUWSSC as an independent budget entity took several years. Nevertheless, the water supply network and services have increased significantly since the AUWSSC became operational. For example, the water production capacity per day has increased by 23%, the total water system network pipelines have increased by 35%, the customer service connection registrations have increased by 37%, and the total revenue generation per year has increased by more than 50%. At the same time, several challenges remain and key recommendations are given, from field level improvements, to hiring of capable staff, to development of procedures and guidelines, which would help enhance the services of the corporation.

This is a conference paper. ; The Government of Uganda has been vigorously pursuing the policy of Decentralisation since 1993. The type of decentralisation pursued is a mixture / hybrid of Devolution, Deconcentration and Delegation. In order to control inflation and maintain macro-economic stability, the Government of Uganda (GoU) is increasingly phasing out projects in favour of budget support. This means that all available financial resources from Donors/Development partners, and GoU are put in one ' basket' and then every sector, including the water sector, has a budget ceiling in which to carry out all its activities. Furthermore, there is 'No additionality' to the sector ceiling even when extra donor grants are identified for support to the water sector. This paper questions the rationale of sector ceilings and highlights the inherent weaknesses of implementing such a broad policy shifts, especially as they relate to achievement of longterm sector targets and sustainability of the facilities constructed.

Water constitutes an indispensable resource for various aspects of daily life, encompassing essential needs such as drinking, cooking, sanitation, and irrigation. Beyond household applications, diverse livelihood activities, including livestock management, gardening, crop cultivation, food processing, aquaculture, and fisheries, also rely on water. The assessment of customer satisfaction holds paramount significance in driving performance enhancements for service providers, even within government-owned entities offering critical services like water supply. This research aims to scrutinize the interplay between overall satisfaction with water services and its determinants, including satisfaction with water quality, and various parameters such as water supply hours, tap pressure, supplied water quantity, management responsiveness and communication, and water tariff. Anticipatedly, water supply hours, quantity, and quality are expected to exert a crucial influence on user satisfaction. Although users express a satisfaction level above neutral, it falls short of reaching a fully satisfactory level. Key contributors to user satisfaction involve aspects such as water supply hours, pressure, quantity, and quality, while complaints about water supply yield slightly lower satisfaction. Satisfaction with water service hours, quantity, and quality emerges as a driving force for overall satisfaction. The analysis reveals no significant association between overall satisfaction and demographic variables such as occupation, gender, age, education, and the main income source. However, a noteworthy association exists between satisfaction with water pressure and the water collection method, and a robust link is observed between satisfaction with water quality and respondents' water treatment practices. The provision for complaints is significantly associated with satisfaction regarding management responsiveness and communication. Multiple regression analysis underscores a positive relationship between overall satisfaction with water services and satisfaction with water quality and supply hours, indicating that higher satisfaction with these factors enhances overall satisfaction with water services.

This paper attempts to explain differences in the average price of domestic water supply services in Spain, paying special attention to the effects of privatisation of the service on price levels. The empirical analysis is based on the application of a `treatment effects' model on a sample of 53 major urban municipalities. This model accounts for the fact that municipalities do not randomly distribute themselves between a group using strictly public ownership and management and a group where all or part of the service has been delegated to a private firm. It is found that, once this endogeneity is taken into account, there seems to be a positive and significant effect of privatisation on water price levels.

Revenue mobilization is critical for community-managed water systems to overcome financial constraints and to achieve financial sustainability. Using data from beneficiaries of a community managed water supply system in Ghana, we employed descriptive statistics, chi-square, perception index and document review of the system's financial reports to assess beneficiaries' views and perception on revenue mobilization for operations and maintenance, system expansion as well as sustainability of the project. The results showed that revenue mobilization for sustainability of operations and maintenance is significantly influenced by water connection type and religion while marital status, age and income of beneficiaries determine sustainability of the project's expansion. The findings further revealed a significant relationship between sustainability of replacement of the project's accessories and water connection type as well as gender, marital status, age and income of beneficiaries. The average perception index of 3.2 showed that beneficiaries perceived revenue mobilization as very good for replacing the water system's accessories. Revenue mobilization is able to support the water system's expansion to help meet the increasing water demands. In addition, with an average perception index of 3.6, the beneficiaries' perception was that revenue was enough to fund operations and maintenance. Furthermore, the document review of the system's financial reports confirmed beneficiaries' perception of sufficiency of revenue for operations and maintenance. Finally, we found weaknesses in revenue mobilization with over 40% of bills in arrears, mostly from private users. To build resilience to the financial crisis with enhanced innovations, the study recommends the institution of effective debt recovery strategies such as the provision of pre-paid metering for private users, adoption of a public standpipe pay-as-you-fetch system as well as the introduction of smart tap technology for public standpipes in community-managed water supply systems.