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Water links the environment, culture, and biology. An integrative approach is needed to attain a complete picture of how water affects human biology due to its inherent interdisciplinary nature. First, this review describes advances in human water needs, thirst, and hydration strategies from a biocultural perspective. Second, it provides a critical appraisal of the literatures on water insecurity (WI) experiences and coping strategies used to mitigate WI to illustrate how they intersect to affect human biology through the embodiment framework. Deviations from water needs and heightened WI can alter hydration and coping strategies, which have implications for a suite of psychological and physiological outcomes. These disruptions are embodied in cellular damage, dehydration, nutrition, stress, mental health, cognitive impairment, aging-related effects, cardiometabolic health, and kidney function. Disrupting forces such as lifestyle changes and climate change have important implications for water needs, WI, coping and hydration strategies, and the embodiment of each.

RURAL WATER SYSTEMS: CHALLENGES AND DRINKING WATER NEEDS -- RURAL WATER SYSTEMS: CHALLENGES AND DRINKING WATER NEEDS -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1: BACKGROUND MEMO FOR THE HEARING ON ''THE NEEDS OF DRINKING WATER SYSTEMS IN RURAL AND SMALLER COMMUNITIES'' -- II. BACKGROUND

Willows are one of the plants which can be used to produce biomass for energy purposes. Biomass production is classified as a renewable energy source. Increasing the share of renewable sources is one of the priority actions for European Union countries due to the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. To achieve the best possible growth of the willow and increase its biomass for fuel, it is crucial to provide optimal water conditions for its growth. The aim of the study was to determine the water requirements of willows under the conditions of the western Polish climate and to verify whether this area is potentially favourable for willow cultivation. The novelty of this paper lies in its multi-year climatic analysis in the context of willow water needs for the area of three voivodships: Lubusz, Lower Silesian, and West Pomeranian. This is one of the few willow water-needs analyses for this region which considers the potential for widespread willow cultivation and biomass production in western Poland. Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was determined by the Blaney-Criddle equation and then, using plant coefficients, water needs for willow were determined. Calculations were carried out for the growing season lasting from 21 May to 31 October. The estimated water needs during the vegetation season amounted on average to 408 mm for the West Pomeranian Voivodeship, 405 mm for the Lubusz Voivodeship, and 402 mm for the Lower Silesian Voivodeship. The conducted analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that these needs do not differ significantly between the voivodeships. Therefore, it can be concluded that the water requirements of willows in western Poland do not differ significantly, and the whole region shows similar water conditions for willow cultivation. Furthermore, it was found that water needs are increasing from decade to decade, making rational water management necessary. This is particularly important in countries with limited water resources, such as Poland. Correctly determining the water requirements of willow and applying them to the cultivation of this plant should increase the biomass obtained. With appropriate management, willow cultivation in Poland can provide an alternative energy source to coal.

This is a conference paper. ; Participatory watershed development has proved to be an attractive approach to rural development over recent decades (see for example, Farrington et al., 1999; and Hinchcliffe et al., 1999). Projects and programmes have been implemented across Latin America, Africa and South Asia, but it is perhaps in India where the approach has been most popular and enduring. Here, central government investment has been running at over US$ 500 million a year. This paper considers the impacts of participatory watershed development on rural water supplies for domestic use. Do watershed development projects lead to improved water resource availability and supply? Do they help to address the increasing competition for scarce water resources between domestic users, industry and irrigation? Or can they worsen the water supply situation in villages? It is focused on dryland India.

In the arid western United States (U.S.), population expansion is dependent on water supply. With the majority of the water being consumed in agriculture, municipalities often obtain water supply needed for growth from agriculture. Water supply reallocation generally occurs through agricultural-to-urban water right transfers. This trend in agricultural-to-urban water transfers drives the question of how to strike a balance between agricultural and urban water needs in rapidly growing arid regions. In the Intermountain West region of the United States, Utah is a state with a rapidly growing population and limited water supply. This study occurred between 2015 and 2016, using a multi-method approach to understand agricultural-to-urban water transfers in Utah. Inperson interviews, participant observation, and secondary data collection methods focused on existing challenges and opportunities for striking a balance between these water interests. Data revealed that water transfers out of agriculture and into municipalities are more significant to areas of Utah experiencing rapid population growth. Policy challenges arise as water is seen as a monetary asset, incentivizing the reintroduction of old water rights into an established water priority system. Further challenges occur as municipal uses are given preference in state development strategies over agricultural uses. This preference can incentivize both the selling of water to municipalities and the gathering of large municipal water right portfolios. Balancing growth and water interests in transitioning landscapes is suggested through the use of agreements, as well as regional planning and collaboration. This transition, if not properly planned and accounted for in the water budget, can create dilemmas with water availability, delivery, and use as separate water providers prepare for growth within their own geographic boundaries. The Mt. Nebo Water Agency provides the opportunity for stakeholder involvement and boundary-spanning to occur between regional municipal and agricultural interests. Stakeholder involvement and boundary-spanning solutions are considered crucial factors for regional planning, particularly with resources like water that traverse political boundaries.

The paper presents the updates of Polish government policy , showing legal and financial instruments for governing the bioenergy developments. The strategy for renewable energy must be co-ordinated with the strategy of water management in a country. The water needs are given for cool climate and extensive agriculture of Central and Eastern Europe. They are 2-3 times lower than for hotter condition of Southern Europe. Despite this the rain 600 mm/year would be not enough for water supply of most of the energy crops.

Water Governance in meeting rural drinking water needs in the policy framework of the PAMSIMAS Program is strongly influenced by the project structure and mechanism from the central and local governments through Community Direct Assistance and Rural SPAM development grants. The researchers used a post-positivist approach with literature review method to analyze the policy direction of the governance model for meeting rural drinking water needs in Indonesia after the end of the program in 2021 through Gieseke governance perspective and compared it with data from the implementation of program policies. shows a shift in the governance model based on the analysis of the style of governance and governance actors. Analysis of the literature review and data shows that the governance of community-based rural drinking water needs requires special arrangements for its institutional forms, ownership of facilities and infrastructure, technical management, and drinking water quality test. Meanwhile, the complexity of drinking water governance results in rural drinking water governance model trilemma. The trilemma faced by the Government in constructing village governance model indirectly leads to Meta Governance model that is capable to combine the governance models and emerge a new situation.

When we make a cup of tea, coffee, or get a cold drink from the tap, we sometimes take for granted the huge journey that the water has been on. We may not be aware of the amount of work …