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In modern geopolitical conditions, the political struggle for democratic values against the dictatorship acquires a new meaning because it is conducted by non-violent methods in the information space of the state with the involvement of new subjects of modern international relations. An analysis of the reasons that consolidate target audiences and direct their political energy to opposition actions against the government shows that they are based on historical, cultural and mental contradictions used by other forces to achieve their geopolitical interests in the region. The traditional class contradictions that were the basis of the revolutions of the past have already receded into the background and lost their political relevance. Instead, in modern discourse, more and more revolutions are associated with "coups d'etat", which are caused by the political technologies of color revolutions. A necessary condition and component of modern political struggle is the information space in the state where such a revolution is taking place. The main form of political struggle is nonviolent methods. Thus, the relevance of the article is due to the need to study the phenomenon of nonviolent struggle against the state in the context of globalization of modern international relations.

Abstract Background There is a paucity of studies on the role of early risk factors for the choice of methods for violent suicide attempts. Adolescent risk factors for the choice of violent or non-violent methods for suicide attempts and the risk of subsequent suicide were studied using a longitudinal design. Methods A national Swedish cohort of 48 834 18–20-year-old young men conscripted for military service from 1969 to 1970 was followed through official registers during a 37-year period. Two questionnaires concerning their psychosocial background were answered by each conscript. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were used to estimate the risk for different methods of attempted suicide and later suicide. Results A total of 1195 (2.4 %) men had made a suicide attempt and of these, 133 (11.1 %) committed suicide later. The number of suicide victims among the non-attempters was 482 (1 %). Half of the suicides occurred during the same year as the attempt. Suicide victims had earlier onset of suicidal behaviour and had more often used hanging as a method of attempted suicide than those who did not later commit suicide. The early risk factors for both violent and non-violent methods of suicide attempt were quite similar. Conclusion Violent suicide attempts, especially by hanging, are associated with a clearly elevated suicide risk in men and require special clinical and public health attention. The early risk factors related to the choice of either a violent or a non-violent suicide attempt method are interlinked and circumstantial factors temporally close to the suicide attempt, such as access to a specific method, may partly explain the choice of method.

Background: There is a paucity of studies on the role of early risk factors for the choice of methods for violent suicide attempts. Adolescent risk factors for the choice of violent or non-violent methods for suicide attempts and the risk of subsequent suicide were studied using a longitudinal design. Methods: A national Swedish cohort of 48 834 18-20-year-old young men conscripted for military service from 1969 to 1970 was followed through official registers during a 37-year period. Two questionnaires concerning their psychosocial background were answered by each conscript. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were used to estimate the risk for different methods of attempted suicide and later suicide. Results: A total of 1195 (2.4 %) men had made a suicide attempt and of these, 133 (11.1 %) committed suicide later. The number of suicide victims among the non-attempters was 482 (1 %). Half of the suicides occurred during the same year as the attempt. Suicide victims had earlier onset of suicidal behaviour and had more often used hanging as a method of attempted suicide than those who did not later commit suicide. The early risk factors for both violent and non-violent methods of suicide attempt were quite similar. Conclusion: Violent suicide attempts, especially by hanging, are associated with a clearly elevated suicide risk in men and require special clinical and public health attention. The early risk factors related to the choice of either a violent or a non-violent suicide attempt method are interlinked and circumstantial factors temporally close to the suicide attempt, such as access to a specific method, may partly explain the choice of method.

ხიბერ–პახტუნხვას პროვინცია დასახლებულია კარგად ცნობილი პუშტუნი/პახტუნი/ავღანელებით. პუშტუნები ცნობილიარიან თავიანთი ბრძოლისუნარიანობით და განიხილებიან როგორც დაბადებიდან მებრძოლები. მიუხედავად მათი ასეთი რეპუტაციისა პახტუნთა ეროვნული ლიდერის ხან აბდულ გაფარ ხანის ინიციატივით XX საუკუნისმიწურულს სწორედ მათთან ჩაისახა არაძალადობრივი მოძრაობა, რომელმაც ეს მოძალადე ერი მშვიდობისა და არაძალადობრივი მეთოდების მომხრეებად გარდაქმნა. კარგადაა ცნობილი მისი ისეთი წამოწყებები, როგორებიცაა: აზად მედრესეების(დამოუკიდებელი სკოლების) შექმნა ტომის ბავშვებისთვის უფასო განათლების მისაცემად; მან ასევე გააცნობიერა პახტუნთა ცრურწმენები და ექსპლოატატორული ტრადიციები და საზოგადოების მათგან გასათავისუფლებლად საფუძველი ჩაუყარა მოძრაობას "Anjuman Islah e Afaghina"(ავღანელთა რეფორმაციის ორგანიზაცია). თუმცა ყველაზე ცნობილი და მნიშვნელოვანი მოძრაობა, რომელიც გაფარ ხანმა წამოიწყო იყო Khudai Khidmatgars ანუ ღვთის მსახური. ამ მოძრაობამ დიდ წარმატებას მიაღწია ძალა-დობით გაჯერებული კულტურის არაძალადობრივად გარდაქმნის საქმეში.

Abstract. Background: Suicidal intent for patients attempting suicide using violent methods (VMs) is assumed to be higher than for those using self-poisoning (SP), which may explain the higher mortality observed in follow-up studies. However, this has not been studied prospectively. Aims: We aimed to compare patients attempting suicide using VMs with those using SP regarding suicidal intent, suicidal ideation, depression, and hopelessness during hospital stay and after 1 year. Methods: Patients hospitalized after suicide attempt by VMs ( n = 80) or SP ( n = 81) completed the Beck scales for Suicide Intent, Suicide Ideation, Depression Inventory, and Hopelessness on admission and at the 12-month follow-up. Results: On admission, those using VMs had higher suicidal intent than those using SP ( M = 16.2 vs. 13.3, p < .001), but lower depression scores ( M = 22.2 vs. 26.8, p < .05). No significant differences were found in suicidal ideation ( M = 20.1 vs. 23.1) or hopelessness ( M = 10.1 vs. 11.9). At 12-month follow-up, depression scores decreased significantly for both groups, while hopelessness decreased only for the SP group. Limitations: The statistical power achieved was lower than intended. Conclusion: The higher levels of suicidal intent, but lower levels of depression, may indicate more impulsivity among people attempting suicide using VMs. Suicidal ideation was relatively stable.

The link between substance use and suicide is well established. However, little research analyzes how substance use is related to the method of suicide. This article analyzes how specific drugs are associated with method of suicide, a critical topic because drug use bears on the etiology of suicide and may lead to policies aimed at deterring suicide. We use the Colorado Violent Death Reporting System and logistic regression to examine postmortem presence of drugs among 3,389 hanging and firearm suicides in Colorado from 2004 to 2009. Net of demographic controls, we find that opiates are positively associated with firearms (odds ratio [OR] = 1.92, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.27, 2.86]) while antidepressants are positively associated with hanging (OR = 1.45, 95% CI = [1.04, 2.03]). For cocaine and opiates, the association between drug use and violent method vary by educational attainment. Importantly, knowledge of the presence and type of specific drug is strongly associated with the method of suicide.

This book provides a comprehensive guide to the different aspects of deradicalization theories, programs and methods. It analyzes the practical and theoretical aspects of deradicalization programs and the methods being employed to bring extremists and terrorist back to a non-violent life. The book includes in-depth case studies on programs and former extremists, including interviews with former German neo-Nazis and families of Jihadists who have received deradicalization counselling. Using a coherent theory of radicalization and deradicalization, it integrates existing programs into a typology and methodology regarding the effects and concepts behind deradicalization. In addition, a current state of the art assessment of deradicalization programs around the world provides a collection of programs and landscapes worldwide. It thereby functions as a unique guide for practitioners and policymakers in need of evaluation or construction of such programs, as well as a resource pool for academics interested in research about deradicalization programs and processes. The major aim of this book is to consolidate the existing scholarship on deradicalization and to move the field forward by proposing a coherent theory of deradicalization, including ways to measure effectiveness, standard methods and procedures, different actors of such programs and cooperation on national and international level. In essence, this work enables the reader to identify how, when and why deradicalization programs work, how they can be built and structured, and to identify their limitations.

1. Introduction -- 2. Methods, sources, state of the art -- 3. The theory of radicalization and deradicalization -- 4. De-radicalization and counter-terrorism -- 5. Typology and actors of deradicalization and disengagement progams (DDPs) -- 6. Family counseling as a special case of deradicalization -- 7. Effects and effectiveness of deradicalization programs : the questions of evaluation, working standards, and program design to ensure impact -- 8. Moral and methdological problems of deradicalization and disengagement programs -- 9. Tools and methods : practical aspects of deradicalization work -- 10. The global deradicalization and CVE landscape at a glance -- 11. Conclusion and lessons learned.

AbstractViolent hostility between ordinary partisans is undermining American democracy. Social media is blamed for rhetoric threatening violence against political opponents and implicated in offline political violence. Focusing on Twitter, I propose a method to identify such rhetoric and investigate substantive patterns associated with it. Using a data set surrounding the 2020 Presidential Election, I demonstrate that violent tweets closely track contentious politics offline, peaking in the days preceding the Capitol Riot. Women and Republican politicians are targeted with such tweets more frequently than men and non-Republican politicians. Violent tweets, while rare, spread widely through communication networks, reaching those without direct ties to violent users on the fringe of the networks. This paper is the first to make sense of violent partisan hostility expressed online, contributing to the fields of partisanship, contentious politics, and political communication.

In this paper, authors Sarah Bressan, Håvard Mokleiv Nygård, and Dominic Seefeldt present the evolution and state of the art of both quantitative forecasting and scenario-based foresight methods that can be applied to help prevent governance breakdown and violent conflict in Europe's neighbourhood. In the quantitative section, they describe the different phases of conflict forecasting in political science and outline which methodological gaps EU-LISTCO's quantitative sub-national prediction tool will address to forecast tipping points for violent conflict and governance breakdown. The qualitative section explains EU-LISTCO's scenario-based foresight methodology for identifying potential tipping points. After comparing both approaches, the authors discuss opportunities for methodological advancements across the boundaries of quantitative forecasting and scenario-based foresight, as well as how they can inform the design of strategic policy options.

Many studies reveal that unchangeable static variables, such as prior offending history and membership in high-risk demographic subgroups, consistently predict recidivism. Recent risk assessment research focuses on dynamic attributes — attitudes, values, and interpersonal skills that are modified by new experiences and, thus, may change during the residential stay.

Many studies reveal that unchangeable static variables, such as prior offending history and membership in high-risk demographic subgroups, consistently predict recidivism. Recent risk assessment research focuses on dynamic attributes — attitudes, values, and interpersonal skills that are modified by new experiences and, thus, may change during the residential stay.