Suchergebnisse

Many microorganisms are able to cause diseases in amphibians, and in the past few years one of the most reported has been Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. This fungus was first reported in Brazil in 2005; following this, other reports were made in specimens deposited in museum collections, captive and free-living frogs. The aim of this study was to compare singleplex and nested-PCR techniques to detect B. dendrobatidis in free-living and apparently healthy adult frogs from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. The sample collection area was a protected government park, with no general entrance permitted and no management of the animals there. Swabs were taken from the skin of 107 animals without macroscopic lesions and they were maintained in ethanol p.a. Fungal DNA was extracted and identification of B. dendrobatidis was performed using singleplex and nested-PCR techniques, employing specific primers sequences. B. dendrobatidis was detected in 61/107 (57%) and 18/107 (17%) animals, respectively by nested and singleplex-PCR. Nested-PCR was statistically more sensible than the conventional for the detection of B. dendrobatidis (Chi-square = 37.1; α = 1%) and the agreement between both techniques was considered just fair (Kappa = 0.27). The high prevalence obtained confirms that these fungi occur in free-living frogs from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest with no macroscopic lesions, characterizing the state of asymptomatic carrier. We concluded that the nested-PCR technique, due to its ease of execution and reproducibility, can be recommended as one of the alternatives in epidemiological surveys to detect B. dendrobatidis in healthy free-living frog populations.

Normal fungal conjunctiva microbiota of horses remains stable in healthy animals, free from ocular and/or systemic diseases which may, eventually, cause ocular alterations. The knowledge of the fungal microbiota is of great importance due to the reduced number of studies reported in the literature and also to the large occurrence of ocular alterations, mainly keratomycosis, in these animals. The aim of this study was to isolate and to identify the fungi present in the ocular conjunctiva of healthy horses belonging to the Military Police Cavalry of Alagoas. Samples from both conjunctival sacks from 50 horses were taken using a sterile swab and submitted to fungal cultures. These samples were seeded by radial spreading of the swabs on the Sabouraud agar surface with chloramphenicol, at a concentration of 50mg/L, in Petri dishes. Next, dishes were incubated at room temperature (± 28°C) for 15 days. Horses conjunctival fungal microbiota was found to be composed by Aspergillus spp. (62%), Microsporum gypseum (6%), Penicillium spp. (6%), Curvularia spp. (5%), Candida spp. (3%), Fusarium spp. (3%), Acremonium spp. (2%), Bipolaris sp. (1%), Cladosporium sp. (1%), Chrysosporium sp. (1%), Rhodotorula sp. (1%), Aureobasidium sp. (1%) and Scopulariopsis sp. (1%). There is a wide variety of yeast-like and filamentous fungi colonizing the clinically healthy horses' ocular conjunctiva, out of which Aspergillus sp. is predominant. Although this was a straightforward study and have not recorded any ocular lesions that suggest fungi infections, these fungi might eventually be involved in this type of ocular pathology for the studied species.

The ISO 6579:2002/Amd 1:2007 (ISO) standard has been the bacteriological standard method used in the European Union for the detection of Salmonella spp. in pig mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), but there are no published estimates of the diagnostic sensitivity (Se) of the method in this matrix. Here, the Se of the ISO (SeISO) was estimated on 675 samples selected from two populations with different Salmonella prevalences (14 farms with a ≥20% prevalence and 13 farms with a <20% prevalence) and through the use of latent-class models in concert with Bayesian inference, assuming 100% ISO specificity, and an invA-based PCR as the second diagnostic method. The SeISO was estimated to be close to 87%, while the sensitivity of the PCR reached up to 83.6% and its specificity was 97.4%. Interestingly, the bacteriological reanalysis of 33 potential false-negative (PCR-positive) samples allowed isolation of 19 (57.5%) new Salmonella strains, improving the overall diagnostic accuracy of the bacteriology. Considering the usual limitations of bacteriology regarding Se, these results support the adequacy of the ISO for the detection of Salmonella spp. from MLN and also that of the PCR-based method as an alternative or complementary (screening) test for the diagnosis of pig salmonellosis, particularly considering the cost and time benefits of the molecular procedure.

The molecular characterization of a Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii genotype III strain (NCSU strain 06-CO1) isolated from the blood of a military working dog diagnosed with endocarditis is reported in this study. Several genes were amplified and sequenced for comparative sequence similarity with other strains.

It is estimated that more than 50 million cattle are infected with Mycobacterium bovis worldwide, resulting in severe economic losses. Current diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in cattle relies on tuberculin skin testing, and when combined with the slaughter of test-positive animals, it has significantly reduced the incidence of bovine TB. The failure to eradicate bovine TB in Great Britain has been attributed in part to a reservoir of the infection in badgers (Meles meles). Accurate and reliable diagnosis of infection is the cornerstone of TB control. Bacteriological diagnosis has these characteristics, but only with samples collected postmortem. Unlike significant wild animal reservoirs of M. bovis that are considered pests in other countries, such as the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) in New Zealand, the badger and its sett are protected under United Kingdom legislation (The Protection of Badgers Act 1992). Therefore, an accurate in vitro test for badgers is needed urgently to determine the extent of the reservoir of infection cheaply and without destroying badgers. For cattle, a rapid on-farm test to complement the existing tests (the skin test and gamma interferon assay) would be highly desirable. To this end, we have investigated the potential of an electronic nose (EN) to diagnose infection of cattle or badgers with M. bovis, using a serum sample. Samples were obtained from both experimentally infected badgers and cattle, as well as naturally infected badgers. Without exception, the EN was able to discriminate infected animals from controls as early as 3 weeks after infection with M. bovis, the earliest time point examined postchallenge. The EN approach described here is a straightforward alternative to conventional methods of TB diagnosis, and it offers considerable potential as a sensitive, rapid, and cost-effective means of diagnosing M. bovis infection in cattle and badgers.

Brucellosis and tuberculosis are diseases of great economic impact in cattle herds and are controlled by governmental programs in many countries. The validation of a diagnostic technique is fundamental for its application in official control programs of these diseases. The aim of the present study was to validate a polymerase chain reaction in real time (qPCR) for detection of Mycobacterium bovis and Brucella abortus in samples of artificially contaminated raw milk. The technique was evaluated using tests of analytical sensitivity and specificity, repeatability, internal reproducibility, and robustness. Initially, five DNA extraction methodologies were tested, and the DNeasy Mericon Food Kit–Qiagen and the Maxwell® 16 Tissue DNA Purification Kit–Promega presented the best analytical specificity of all the commercial kits tested and were used exclusively in subsequent tests. The lowest limits of detection obtained in the qPCR were 2.3 pg for M. bovis DNA and 20.7 fg for B. abortus DNA. The repeatability and reproducibility associated with the robustness indicate that the evaluated methods are applicable as rapid tools for the official in vivo diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis in raw milk from dairy herds in Brazil.

The Veterinary services in the member states of the European Union follow common guidelines. However, their organisations, staff status and training policies are very different. They are briefly described and analysed, with a special focus on French choices. ; Les services vétérinaires des États membres de l'Union Européenne poursuivent des objectifs communs, dans le cadre du marché unique. Cependant, leurs organisations, statuts des personnels et politiques de formation sont extrêmement variables. Ceux-ci sont décrits et analysés schématiquement, puis les choix français sont soulignés.

Background: Brucellosis in pigs at East Java Indonesia has not only cause great economic losses due to a decrease in productivity of livestock but also are zoonotic. Infection on free brucelosis pigs were initially begun with the infected pigs both male and female, or the use of superior male pigs together. The elimination of the disease either on a group or population is considered as the most effective way to prevent the spread of the disease in pigs. Prevention efforts mainly addressed to vaccination, sanitary maintenace and government policy. The purpose of this study was to isolated and identified Brucella suis as the causative agent. Material and Methods: The survey area were the pig farm owned by breeder farmers in the area of East Java Indonesia, at Kediri, Malang, Blitar and Probolinggo district. Blood samples obtained were tested with RBT. Pigs are suspected of being infected with Brucella if the RBT was positive that characterized with agglutination in the test results. If RBT was positive, bacteriological examination will be performed, with samples of visceral foetus organ, ie liver, spleen, placenta and amniotic fluid. Isolation and identification of Brucella suis were used Brucella Broth and Brucella Agar, and if the bacteri growthwill be continued with biochemical test ie H2S, urease, citrate, catalase and oxidase test. The positive results of Brucella suis showed positive urease, catalase andoxidase,but negative for citrate and H2S. Results: RBT and bacteriolgical examination showed that 1 sample was positive Brucella suis, and 19 negative. The positive results showed positive urease, catalase and oxidase,but negative for citrate and H2S Conclusion: Based on RBT test and bacteriological examination, there was 1 positive sample of brucellla suis, that is sample coming from Kediri district. Key words: Brucela suis, pig, isolation,identification, zoonotic

As X-ray generators are used for radiodiagnosis in animals, the veterinary profession is also subject to the radiation protection legislation. The regulations include technical, organisational, and administrative measures designed to protect all personnel working in the vicinity of these instruments. They also require the training of a person qualified in radiation protection and define his/her role. The recognition of a veterinary specificity compared to nuclear and industrial activities and human medicine is highlighted. ; Parce qu'elle utilise des générateurs électriques de rayons X pour le radiodiagnostic chez l'animal, la profession vétérinaire est également soumise à la réglementation concernant la radioprotection. Ainsi la législation impose à toutes les personnes travaillant à proximité de ces appareils des obligations techniques, d'organisation et administratives. Elle implique aussi la formation d'une personne compétente en radioprotection et en définit le rôle. La reconnaissance d'une spécificité vétérinaire par rapport aux activités nucléaires, industrielles et de médecine humaine est soulignée.

Regulatory and legislative texts must be codified for two reasons: to assert the coherence of the judicial corpus and facilitate its appropriation by the citizens. The construction of the rural code is an interesting example of such a process, demonstrating the importance of the social, political and economic context, particularly in the first part of our presentation which covers the period from the French Revolution to the end of the First Empire. This approach will be confirmed later in the second part of our presentation, with a description of the codification process recently completed, particularly on matters of veterinary public health. ; La codification des textes législatifs et réglementaires répond à une double nécessité, affirmer la cohérence du corpus juridique et faciliter son appropriation par le citoyen. A ce titre, l'histoire de la construction du Code rural mérite d'être rappelée. Elle permettra d'observer l'importance du contexte politique, social et économique, en particulier pour la première partie de cette présentation, qui va de la Révolution française à la fin du Premier Empire. Il sera possible, dans une seconde partie, de confirmer cette approche en se référant aux travaux de codification qui viennent de s'achever, en particulier dans le domaine de la santé publique vétérinaire.

The sanitary supervision of bees by the French departmental divisions of veterinary services (DDSV) is based on the same system as that used for other animal diseases. Sanitary inspectors specialized in beekeeping are responsible for the detection, follow-up and eradication of diseases in apiaries. Due to the large number of problems faced by the beekeeping sector, this contagious disease surveillance network has been extended since 2003 to all bee disorders, and particularly to acute death or depopulation. Beekeepers still struggle to control the main known diseases and are helpless when faced with multifactorial phenomena. To protect the bees, the government recently reinforced existing measures to further improve the control of molecules toxic for bees. DDSVs are also responsible for controlling the honey sold on the market, using random samples tested for residues (medicinal or phytosanitary) as well as for environmental pollutants. ; Les directions départementales des services vétérinaires (DDSV) organisent la surveillance sanitaire en apiculture selon le même schéma que pour les autres maladies animales. Pour cela, elles s'appuient sur des agents sanitaires apicoles spécialement formés, qui accomplissent toutes les missions de détection, de suivi et d'éradication des maladies dans les ruchers. En raison des difficultés multiples rencontrées par la filière apicole, ce réseau de surveillance des maladies contagieuses a été étendu depuis 2003 à la surveillance de l'ensemble des troubles des abeilles et notamment, aux mortalités aiguës ou aux dépopulations. Les apiculteurs maîtrisent encore difficilement les principales maladies connues et se trouvent démunis devant certains phénomènes multifactoriels qu'il convient d'analyser. Pour protéger les abeilles, l'État a renforcé récemment les mesures prises afin de mieux contrôler l'usage des molécules nocives pour les apoïdes. Les DDSV sont également chargées du contrôle du miel mis sur le marché. Ceci se réalise par des prélèvements aléatoires où sont recherchés les résidus (médicamenteux ou phytosanitaires), ainsi que les polluants environnementaux.

The European legislation takes into account the traceability of veterinary drugs at all their stages of production and use, from marketing authorization, manufacturing, labelling, and distribution of the drug, all the way to the feeding of livestock. Ensuring such traceability is more difficult at the international level but harmonization between the different legislations is under way. ; La traçabilité du médicament vétérinaire est prise en compte dans la réglementation communautaire aux stades de l'autorisation de mise sur le marché, de la fabrication, de l'étiquetage et de la distribution jusqu'au stade de l'élevage. Elle est plus difficile à assurer au niveau international mais des travaux sont en cours pour améliorer l'harmonisation des réglementations.

Official health & hygiene charters regulating commercial egg and meat production are almost complete. These charters specify that farmers are obliged to keep a breeding farm book, as an essential tool for the traceability of productions. Any drug must be delivered with its prescription, specifying particularly the withdrawal time. Veterinary prescriptions are subject to the legislation and to the Veterinary Code of Deontology, and practitioners must make sure that breeding farm books are kept up to date. ; La mise en place des Chartes sanitaires officielles concernant les filières ponte et volailles de chair est en voie d'achèvement. Les Chartes incluent pour l'éleveur l'obligation de tenir un registre d'élevage, maillon indispensable pour la traçabilité de la production. Toute prescription de médicament vétérinaire est l'objet d'une ordonnance, accompagnant la délivrance, précisant en particulier le temps d'attente devant être respecté. Les conditions autorisant la prescription relèvent de la loi et du Code de Déontologie Vétérinaire, le praticien devant veiller à la bonne tenue par l'éleveur du registre d'élevage.

In 2007, Spanish military veterinarians designed new operative equipment for "veterinary inspection and sanitary control". It includes three modules that can be united to form a true field laboratory. It can be transported easily and used in any circumstance. This equipment helps veterinary services carry out their missions in food safety, emergency veterinary medicine, sample collection, biological defence, pest control, and the evaluation of environmental health risks. ; Les vétérinaires militaires espagnols ont conçu, en 2007, un nouvel équipement opérationnel « d'inspection vétérinaire et de contrôle sanitaire». Il est composé de trois modules qui peuvent être unis entre eux pour former un véritable laboratoire de terrain. Il peut être facilement transporté et être déployé en toutes circonstances. Cet équipement permet aux personnels du service vétérinaire d'assurer des missions dans le domaine de la sécurité sanitaire des aliments, de la médecine vétérinaire d'urgence, du recueil d'échantillons, de la défense biologique, du contrôle de la présence de nuisibles et de l'évaluation des risques sanitaires environnementaux.

Tamoor Hamid Chaudhry,1,2 Bilal Aslam,1,2 Muhammad Imran Arshad,3 Roman Farooq Alvi,2 Saima Muzammil,2 Nafeesa Yasmeen,4 Muhammad Aamir Aslam,3 Mohsin Khurshid,2 Muhammad Hidayat Rasool,2 Zulqarnain Baloch1 1Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, People's Republic of China; 2Department of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan; 3Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan; 4College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Bilal Aslam; Zulqarnain Baloch Email drbilalaslam@gcuf.edu.pk; znbalooch@yahoo.comIntroduction: Intense livestock farming practices enforcing the farmers to use antibiotics as food supplements on a routine basis. Aberrant use of antibiotics is associated with the emergence of antibiotics resistance and resistant superbugs. Keeping in view the current scenario, the present study was designed for the first time from Pakistan with a specific aim to estimate the prevalence of the carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in veterinary settings and the waste in Pakistan.Methods: A total of 138 samples from various veterinary sources were collected by employing a nonprobability sampling technique. Isolation and phenotypic identification of carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae were performed according to the CLSI standard. Molecular detection of various antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) was done through PCR by using specific primers against each ARG. According to the pasture scheme, the multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was performed to characterize the K. pneumoniae sequence types (STs).Results: According to the results of the study, overall 9.4% (13/138) isolates were confirmed carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae. Among various carbapenem ARGs particularly, the blaNDM-1 was found in 92.3% (12/13) isolates followed by blaOXA-48 84.6% (11/13). MLST results revealed that overall 3 STs were found in the study which includes ST29, ST11, and ST258. Taking together, this is the first study to our best knowledge which demonstrated the prevalence of carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae and its various STs prevalent in veterinary settings and the waste of Pakistan.Conclusion: Based on the above-mentioned facts, we suggested that veterinary settings and waste are the potential source and reservoir of carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae, which may be disseminated to the environment and ultimately can affect the public and companion livestock health.Keywords: veterinary settings, carbapenem resistance, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pakistan