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The use of wireless networks has experienced exponential growth due to the improvements in terms of battery life and low consumption of the devices. However, it is compulsory to conduct previous radio propagation analysis when deploying a wireless sensor network. These studies are necessary to perform an estimation of the range coverage, in order to optimize the distance between devices in an actual network deployment. In this work, the radio channel characterization for ISM 2.4 GHz Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) in an inhomogeneous vegetation environment has been analyzed. This analysis allows designing environment monitoring tools based on ZigBee and WiFi where WSN and smartphones cooperate, providing rich and customized monitoring information to users in a friendly manner. The impact of topology as well as morphology of the environment is assessed by means of an in-house developed 3D Ray Launching code, to emulate the realistic operation in the framework of the scenario. Experimental results gathered from a measurement campaign conducted by deploying a ZigBee Wireless Sensor Network, are analyzed and compared with simulations in this paper. The scenario where this network is intended to operate is a combination of buildings and diverse vegetation species. To gain insight in the effects of radio propagation, a simplified vegetation model has been developed, considering the material parameters and simplified geometry embedded in the simulation scenario. An initial location-based application has been implemented in a real scenario, to test the functionality within a context aware scenario. The use of deterministic tools can aid to know the impact of the topological influence in the deployment of the optimal Wireless Sensor Network in terms of capacity, coverage and energy consumption, making the use of these systems attractive for multiple applications in inhomogeneous vegetation environments. ; The authors wish to acknowledge the support of the Spanish Government: TIN2010-17170 UbiTrust, TIN2011-28347 and TEC2013-45585-C2-1-R.

Chapter 1 Carbon Cycle in Response to Global Warming -- Chapter 2 Agricultural Land Degradation: Processes and Problems Undermining Future Food Security -- Chapter 3 Promising technologies for Cd-contaminated soils: drawbacks and possibilities -- Chapter 4 Climate Change and costal plant lives -- Chapter 5 Climate Change Forecasting and Modeling for the year of 2050 -- Chapter 6 Effects of Climate Change on Irrigation Water Quality -- Chapter 7 Prospects of biochar in alkaline soils to mitigate climate change -- Chapter 8 Biochar; a remedy for climate change -- Chapter 9 Biofortification under Climate Change: The Fight between Quality and Quantity -- Chapter 10 QTL Mapping for Abiotic Stresses in Cereals -- Chapter 11 Effectiveness of conventional crop improvement strategies vs. Omics -- Chapter 12 Development and Applications of Transplastomic Plants; A way towards Eco-friendly Agriculture -- Chapter 13 Alternative and non-conventional soil and crop management strategies for increasing water use efficiency -- Chapter 14 Role of Biotechnology in climate resilient agriculture -- Chapter 15 Insect Pests of cotton crop and management under climate change scenarios -- Chapter 16 Plant-Microbes interactions and functions in changing climate -- Chapter 17 Measuring Vulnerability to Environmental Hazards: Qualitative to Quantitative -- Chapter 18 Soil microarthropods and nutrient cycling -- Chapter 19 Environment, climate change and Biodiversity -- Chapter 20 Consequences of salinity stress on the quality of crops and its mitigation strategies for sustainable crop production: An outlook of arid and semi-arid regions -- Chapter 21 Advances in pyrolytic technologies with improved carbon capture and storage to combat climate change -- Chapter 22 The Effects of Climate Change on Human Behaviors -- Chapter 23 Role of Plant Bioactives in Sustainable Agriculture -- Chapter 24 Microbes and Environment: Global Warming Reverting the Frozen Zombies -- Chapter 25 Extent of climate change in Saudi Arabia and its impacts on agriculture: A case study from Qassim region -- Chapter 26 Rice Production under Climate Change: Adaptations and Mitigating Strategies.

Front Cover -- Unmanned Aerial Systems for Monitoring Soil, Vegetation, and Riverine Environments -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of contributors -- List of abbreviations -- Introduction -- 1 Preface -- 2 Section 1 on general introduction on the use of unmanned aerial system for environmental monitoring -- 3 Section 2 on vegetation monitoring -- 4 Section 3 on soil mapping -- 5 Section 4 on river monitoring -- 6 Section 5 on tools and datasets -- References -- 1 General introduction on the use of UAS for environmental monitoring -- 1 Remote sensing of the environment using unmanned aerial systems -- 1.1 A brief history of unmanned aerial systems -- 1.2 Evolution of unmanned aerial systems for monitoring of natural and agricultural ecosystems -- 1.2.1 Precision agriculture -- 1.2.2 Monitoring of natural ecosystems -- 1.2.3 Water bodies -- 1.3 The social impact -- 1.4 Unmanned aerial system platforms -- 1.5 Unmanned aerial system sensors -- 1.6 Economic impact and regulations -- 1.7 Final remarks and challenges -- 1.8 Notes on the existing challenges and the purpose of this book -- 1.9 Epilogue -- References -- 2 Protocols for UAS-based observation -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Study design-guidance of survey preparation -- 2.2.1 Legislative and social impact of UAS -- 2.2.2 Platform and sensor option -- 2.2.2.1 Platforms -- 2.2.2.2 Sensors -- 2.2.3 Sensor settings and UAS control software -- 2.2.4 Georeferencing -- 2.3 Preflight fieldwork -- 2.3.1 Reconnaissance of the surveyed area -- 2.3.2 Ground control point distribution and radiometric calibration -- 2.3.3 Field data collection -- 2.4 Flight mission -- 2.5 Processing of aerial data -- 2.5.1 Geometric processing -- 2.5.2 Radiometric processing -- 2.6 Quality assurance -- 2.6.1 Quality assurance metrics for radiometric data.

Preface -- 1 The nature of vegetation -- 1.1 Ubiquity of changes in time -- 1.2 Variation in space -- 1.3 The nature of vegetation in time -- 2 Processes of vegetation change -- 2.1 Initiation of successions and fluctuations -- 2.2 Immigration of species -- 2.3 Establishment -- 2.4 Competition -- 2.5 Site modification -- 2.6 Stabilization -- 3 Fluctuations -- 3.1 Definitions of vegetation change -- 3.2 Phenological changes -- 3.3 Changes with fluctuations in environment -- 4 Regeneration and cyclic changes -- 5 Primary successions -- 5.1 Successions on submerged and waterlogged soils -- 5.2 Succession behind retreating glaciers -- 6 Secondary successions -- 6.1 The course of secondary succession -- 6.2 Factors determining the course of secondary succession -- 6.3 Predictability of secondary succession -- 7 Changes caused by grazing animals -- 8 Concluding remarks -- References.

Although vegetation has been positively linked to fear of crime and crime in a number of settings, recent findings in urban residential areas have hinted at a possible negative relationship: Residents living in "greener" surroundings report lower levels of fear, fewer incivilities, and less aggressive and violent behavior. This study used police crime reports to examine the relationship between vegetation and crime in an inner-city neighborhood. Crime rates for 98 apartment buildings with varying levels of nearby vegetation were compared. Results indicate that although residents were randomly assigned to different levels of nearby vegetation, the greener a building's surroundings were, the fewer crimes reported. Furthermore, this pattern held for both property crimes and violent crimes. The relationship of vegetation to crime held after the number of apartments per building, building height, vacancy rate, and number of occupied units per building were accounted for.

Vegetation monitoring is considered an important application in remote sensing task due to variation of vegetation types and their distribution. The vegetation concentration around the Earth is increase in 5% in 2000 according to NASA monitoring. This increase is due to the Indian vegetable programs. In this research, the vegetation monitoring in Baghdad city was done using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for temporal Landsat satellite images (Landsat 5 TM& Landsat 8 OIL). These images had been used and utilize in different times during the period from 2000, 2010, 2015 & 2017. The outcomes of the study demonstrate that a change in the vegetation Cover (VC) in Baghdad city. (NDVI) generally shows a low value of plant cover. The highest NDVI values were occur in 2000 and the lowest values for both years 2015-2017. This change is due to a correlation of climate indices such as precipitation, temperature, and dust storms. This study present that (NDVI) method is a powerful and useful way of monitoring vegetation. The calculation of vegetable areas show (43.3, 37.4, 9.1, and 22.7 Km2). The result were evaluated using (Environment for Visualizing Images ENVI) Ver. 4.8 package.

Contemporary research concerning wildlands and wildlife of the American West increasingly calls for greater complexity in understanding human-environmental relationships. This dissertation investigates a culturally diverse portion of Greater Yellowstone in order to complicate these dialogues. It explores a riparian corridor along the Wind River, a region permanently settled by Eastern Shoshone, Northern Arapaho and Euro-American residents in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Using the Wind River Basin as a case study, this research observes the landscape through three different lenses: settlement geography, place identity, and vegetation change. By incorporating a variety of methods to understand regional change (including historical research, interviews with residents, and comparative aerial and ground photography), it finds that riparian change relates to a complex cultural-ecological mosaic. Not only is change perceived differently by a variety of communities in the Wind River Basin; change relates to century-old settlement geographies, government policies and cultural preferences, shifting economies and power relationships, and evolving relationships formed by interrelationships of people and environment. This dissertation argues that investigations of environmental change must not oversimplify dynamic relationships between people and place. Indeed, the complexity of these places may relate to why Greater Yellowstone has remained one of the largest intact ecosystems in the lower 48 states.

AbstractThis paper describes a framework for estimating the effectiveness of riparian vegetation in modifying the water temperature in streams. A physically‐based model was incorporated into the framework and used to demonstrate that planting trees in strategic locations can have a substantial effect on water temperature in streams and, consequently, on the survival of target fish populations. Application of the framework suggested that equivalent plantings in different configurations can have markedly different outcomes in terms of resultant stream temperature. There is no single best solution for all stream‐restoration projects but, through the use of this framework, environmental planners, designers and managers can compare scenarios and make appropriate decisions for specific streams.

Aerial photography has revealed the striking, widespread phenomenon of repeating patterns of vegetation in more arid areas of the world. Two interdependent phases, bands of dense and sparse vegetation, alternate in the landscape. This volume synthesizes half a centurys accumulated knowledge of both theoretical and applied landscape functions from a variety of these regions. It covers structure, dynamics, and methods of study, as well as disturbances to these landscapes and relevant management issues. Chapters are included to discuss the role of modeling in answering questions about the origins and complex processes of banded landscapes. Studies of banded landscapes have yielded valuable lessons for understanding other semi-arid landscapes as well, leading to a knowledge base facilitating sustainable use and rehabilitation