Suchergebnisse

In this case study, the author explores how public concern about vaccinations has affected vaccination development & use throughout history. The author shows how perceptions about vaccinations are inaccurate, & identifies how these distortions are shaped. Figures, References. D. Miller

The vaccination rate is on the decline as parents avoid making frequent visits to healthcare facilities to visit doctors. The high cost of healthcare access in Germany, the United States, and other parts of the world has resulted in many people remaining under vaccinated or unvaccinated. The rate of pandemic outbreaks in Europe has highlighted the significance of improved communication and education about the safety and the efficacy of vaccinations alongside effective strategies of reducing the rate of disease transmission1 . Pandemics have unprecedented impacts on the families' health and pressure on healthcare systems in Europe. During pandemics, there is widespread fear in families concerning how the pandemics will affect families and communities more especially to the compromised people in society, such as pregnant women and people with chronic illnesses. Although pharmaceutical practices are under intensive scrutiny, pharmacies' vaccinations comprise an important element in the healthcare system for pandemic diseases.

On oublie un peu trop, aujourd'hui que la vaccination antityphique a obtenu droit de cité en Europe, et il semble, à lire certains travaux récents, qu'on vient de l'y découvrir, tandis que cette mesure prophylactique est adoptée depuis plus de deux ans dans les colonies anglaises et aux Etats-Unis, où près de deux cent mille inoculations ont déjè été pratiquée avec un succès complet. Aux Etats-Unis, la vacination antityphique est devenue même, depuis plus d'une année. obligatoire pour les armées de terre et de mer expédiées dans des localités suspectes.

Abstract
Vaccination provides indirect benefits to the unvaccinated. Despite its important policy implications, there is little analytical or empirical work to quantify this externality, nor is it incorporated in a number of cost-benefit studies of vaccine programs. We use a standard epidemiological model to analyze how the magnitude of this externality varies with the number of vaccinations, vaccine efficacy, and disease infectiousness. We also provide empirical estimates using parameters for influenza and mumps epidemics. The pattern of the externality is complex and striking, unlike that suggested in standard treatments. The size of the externality is not necessarily monotonic in the number vaccinated, vaccine efficacy, nor disease infectiousness. Moreover, its magnitude can be remarkably large. In particular, the marginal externality of a vaccination can be greater than one case of illness prevented among the nonvaccinated, so its omission from policy analyses implies serious biases.

Lors de l'étude coût-bénéfice de la lutte anti-aphteuse conduite par la Communauté Européenne, il apparut que le terme vaccination couvrait deux sens : la "vaccination assurance" et la "vaccination éradication". Une seule maladie a été éradiquée à l'échelle mondiale, la variole et ce, grâce à la vaccination. Aussi importe-t-il de définir les divers aspects d'une politique d'éradication par vaccination, avant de cerner dans un exposé ultérieur les caractéristiques du vaccin-éradication idéal et de ses applications. ; In the cost-benefit study of FMD vaccination in the E C. countries, it seems that the word "vaccination" was covering both senses of "insurance by vaccination" and "eradication by vaccination". Only one disease was eradicated worldwide : smallpox in humans, and this result was achieved thanks to huge vaccination campaigns. It appeared important to us, to give definitions of the differenct aspect of an eradication policy using vaccination, before presenting later the characteristics and application of the ideal vaccine for the "eradication concept".

Vaccination has led to remarkable health gains over the last century. However, large coverage gaps remain, which will require significant financial resources and political will to address. In recent years, a compelling line of inquiry has established the economic benefits of health, at both the individual and aggregate levels. Most existing economic evaluations of particular health interventions fail to account for this new research, leading to potentially sizable undervaluation of those interventions. In line with this new research, we set forth a framework for conceptualizing the full benefits of vaccination, including avoided medical care costs, outcome-related productivity gains, behavior-related productivity gains, community health externalities, community economic externalities, and the value of risk reduction and pure health gains. We also review literature highlighting the magnitude of these sources of benefit for different vaccinations. Finally, we outline the steps that need to be taken to implement a broad-approach economic evaluation and discuss the implications of this work for research, policy, and resource allocation for vaccine development and delivery.

Pharm.D.(Melit.) ; In 1796 Edward Jenner performed the world's first vaccination against smallpox. Since then, there have been many achievements in the field of vaccines including the recent development of the mRNA vaccines. The emergence of the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus and COVID-19 illness has created an urgent need for the development of safe and effective vaccines to protect against COVID-19. The aims of this study were to 1) to review the available safety and efficacy literature of COVID-19 vaccines from selected databases and present the data in a comprehensible format and 2) to review the characteristics of the COVID-19 vaccines that are authorized for use in the European Union or under rolling review by the European Medicines Agency (EMA). Fourteen studies were included for the review from literature search. The studies included mRNA vaccines, inactivated vaccines, chimpanzee adenovirus-vectored vaccine, recombinant adenovirus type-5-vectored COVID-19 vaccine, SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein nanoparticle vaccine, protein subunit vaccine and recombinant adenovirus vaccine. The studies included adult participants both men and women ranging from the age of 16 and older. Various study group designs were used. Efficacy was measured in 11 studies via immunologic responses to vaccination including neutralizing antibodies against SARSCOV-2. Four studies measured the efficacy of the vaccines against COVID-19. Safety was commonly measured with local and systemic adverse reactions after vaccination. Adverse reactions commonly included pain and fever that were mild and transient. All the studies showed either immunologic response or efficacy against COVID-19 after vaccination. The 4 COVID-19 vaccines that are authorized for use in the European union are the Comirnaty from Pfizer and BioNTech, mRNA-1273 from Moderna, AZD1222 from AstraZeneca and Ad26.COV.S from Janssen. Three vaccines are under rolling review of the European Medicine Agency. These are the NVX-CoV2373 from Novavax CZ AS, CVnCoV from CureVac AG and the Sputnik V from Gamaleya. More studies are needed to assess the safety and efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccines in special populations such as pregnant or breastfeeding women and children. ; N/A

The current anti-vaccination movements that have established themselves in the United States as well as other regions in the world are like a hydra of discourse. Right when one effective measure is created to convince people to vaccinate two more anti-vaccination movements sprout up in its place. These anti-vaccination movements are driven by cultural beliefs, ideologies, medical exemption laws, non-medical exemption laws, distrust of the government, distrust of large pharmaceutical companies, denialism and so on. These antivaccination movements also have developed many methods of distributing their beliefs to the masses. The internet is a huge resource for these anti-vaccination movements and allows them, with relative ease, to get their anti-vaccination message out to a large number of people. Postcards, newspaper, magazines, journals, and pamphlets are other widely used resources for spreading antivaccination information to the general public. If the U.S. wants any chance of gaining the upper hand on this growing anti-vaccination movement in the 21st century it too must use the internet to create positive vaccination rhetoric that reaches the masses. This rhetoric must specifically focus its positive vaccination messages towards these specific anti-vaccination groups to pinpoint and alleviate their expressed concerns.

From a medical perspective vaccination, the process whereby someone is made immune to significant disease, has a long and distinguished track record and has proved highly beneficial. More recently public faith in some aspects of the process has diminished dramatically. This article by Marion Miles presents the background to, and development of, the immunisation programme currently recommended by the Department of Health. It seeks to explore reasons for non-compliance with the programme and to discuss the consequent dilemmas thus presented to professionals. Particular problems presented by looked after children are also considered.

BACKGROUND: Mandatory vaccination has been effective in maintaining high vaccination coverage in countries such as the United States. However, there are no peer-reviewed analyses of the association between mandates and both coverage and subsequent incidence of vaccine- preventable disease in Europe. METHODS: Using data from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and the World Health Organization, we evaluated the relationship between country-level mandatory vaccination policies and (1) measles and pertussis vaccine coverage and (2) the annual incidence of these diseases in 29 European countries. Multivariate negative binomial and linear regression models were used to quantify these associations. RESULTS: Mandatory vaccination was associated with a 3.71 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.68 to 5.74) percentage point higher prevalence of measles vaccination and a 2.14 (95% CI: 0.13 to 4.15) percentage point higher prevalence of pertussis vaccination when compared with countries that did not have mandatory vaccination. Mandatory vaccination was only associated with decreased measles incidence for countries without nonmedical exemptions (adjusted incidence rate ratio = 0.14; 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.36). We did not find a significant association between mandatory vaccination and pertussis incidence. CONCLUSIONS: Mandatory vaccination and the magnitude of fines were associated with higher vaccination coverage. Moreover, mandatory vaccination was associated with lower measles incidence for countries with mandatory vaccination without nonmedical exemptions. These findings can inform legislative policies aimed at increasing vaccination coverage.

We study the relationship between trust and vaccination. We show theoretically that vaccination rates are higher in countries with more transparent and accountable governments. The mechanism that generates this result is the lower probability of a transparent and accountable government to promote an unsafe vaccine. Empirical evidence supports this result. We find that countries perceived as less corrupt and more liberal experience higher vaccination rates. Furthermore, they are less likely to adopt a mandatory vaccination policy. One unit of the Corruption Perception Index (scaled from 0 to 10) is associated with a vaccination rate that is higher by one percentage point (pp) but with a likelihood of compulsory vaccination that is lower by 10 pp. In addition, Google Trends data show that public interest in corruption is correlated with interest in vaccination. The insight from our analysis is that corruption affects not only the supply but also the demand for public services.