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Abstract
Distortions under the value-added tax (VAT) arise partly from the exemption of specific services and sectors. This paper develops an analytical model that is applicable to any sector characterized by asymmetric VAT exemptions of services and activities. We analyze the effects of such asymmetric tax regimes on market shares, optimal prices, tax receipts, and social welfare. The analytical model shows how asymmetric VAT exemptions distort competition by strengthening the competitive position of non-rated firms. The net effect of such tax exemptions depends on the fraction of VAT-rated inputs versus the fraction of non-rated customers. We further elucidate main competitive impacts of VAT policies, while showing their consequences on overall welfare by presenting simulation results based on a calibrated quantitative model of a selected sector. Our paper provides guidance on how to resolve the policy trade-off between a level playing field in the market, consumer surplus, and government tax revenue.

The closing of tax loopholes is one important instrument for fiscal consolidation. We concentrate on the value added tax exemption of banking services in Germany. The potential tax revenue under full value added taxation cannot be estimated from national accounting data, as it is necessary to apportion the value added between final consumption and intermediate production. We develop a method which allows to base our estimates on disaggregated banks' balance sheet data and obtain an estimate for the lower bound of the net revenue loss of tax exemption to the order of 7 bill. DM in 1994.

This paper estimates and compares fiscal and distributional effects of Korean and Japanese VAT exemptions. VAT exemptions have two types of fiscal effects on revenue: they lead to reductions in VAT revenue via the output tax and revenue increases via the undeducted input tax through cascading effects. The results of input-output analyses for both countries indicate that the former effect outweighs the latter, reducing VAT revenue but that the exemptions mitigate the distributional regressivity of its incidence. In Korea in particular, the expansion of an aged population means there are more individuals affected by VAT regressivity, as most members of this population belong to low-income deciles, mainly because they are retirees. As is suggested by the life-cycle hypothesis, older populations are likely to have higher propensity to consume than younger ones. In Japan, the VAT was supposed to increase from 8% to 10% in October 2016, having already increased from 5% to 8% in April 2014. The additional increase was expected to exacerbate the negative impact of the VAT on income redistribution. For this reason, it has been repeatedly postponed, and now is not expected to take effect until October 2019. The growing socioeconomic resistance of the Japanese people to the VAT increase may require additional VAT reforms in Japan. It might, for example, need to increase tax revenue to cope with its growing national debt to GDP ratio as well as with its increasing welfare expenditure. The VAT is one of its key potential revenue sources. In addition, it might also need to broaden the scope of VAT exemptions to include more necessities at the expense of a little revenue so as to ease the potential increase in VAT regressivity expected to ensue from the October 2019 rate increase.

(Forschungs)instituten von Universitäten oder anderen Körperschaften öffentlichen Rechts steht nach dem UStG idR kein Recht auf Vorsteuerabzug zu, was gerade für die Anschaffung teurer Forschungsgeräte ein massives Hindernis darstellen kann. Auf Grundlage einer Vereinbarung der österreichischen Bundesregierung mit der Europäischen Kommission könnte allerdings die Möglichkeit bestehen, eine Rückerstattung jener Mehrwertsteuerbeträge zu erlangen, die auf Anschaffungen für von der EU geförderte Projekte lasten. Das Bundesministerium für Finanzen erstattet danach die Mehrwertsteuer, die auf Anschaffungen nicht vorsteuerabzugsberechtigter Forschungseinrichtungen entfällt, wenn sie von der EU im Rahmen der Forschungsförderung finanziert wurden. Die Entlastung scheitert allerdings an der strengen Sichtweise des BMF, welches das Antragsrecht nur der EU selbst zugesteht und damit die Erstattung effektiv ins Leere laufen lässt. Der Beitrag unterzieht vor diesem Hintergrund vor allem auch die Umsatzsteuerbefreiung der EU einer eingehenden Untersuchung.

Flour industry and animal feed industry play an important role in supporting government programs to achieve self-sufficiency of meat. The important role of these animal feed producers has triggered the government to stipulate appropriate tax policies to ensure the growth and development of both industries. Through tax policy instruments, the government has provided facilities in the form of Value Added Tax (VAT) exemption for the delivery of animal feed and animal feed ingredients. However, in its implementation, this policy has not been all-inclusive, leading to a cascading effect suffered by the flour industry. It results in an opportunity cost and cost of taxation affecting the productivity of the flour industry as the producer of animal feed. This study applies a qualitative-descriptive method with data collection techniques of in-depth interview and documentation study. This study explains the implications of VAT exemption policy for the flour industry, evaluates VAT exemption policy on animal feed in the perspective of public policy and productivity of animal feed producers, and analyzes political relations and ideas for VAT policy on animal feed in an effort to support national flour industry and animal feed industry

Flour industry and animal feed industry play an important role in supporting government programs to achieve self-sufficiency of meat. The important role of these animal feed producers has triggered the government to stipulate appropriate tax policies to ensure the growth and development of both industries. Through tax policy instruments, the government has provided facilities in the form of Value Added Tax (VAT) exemption for the delivery of animal feed and animal feed ingredients. However, in its implementation, this policy has not been all-inclusive, leading to a cascading effect suffered by the flour industry. It results in an opportunity cost and cost of taxation affecting the productivity of the flour industry as the producer of animal feed. This study applies a qualitative-descriptive method with data collection techniques of in-depth interview and documentation study. This study explains the implications of VAT exemption policy for the flour industry, evaluates VAT exemption policy on animal feed in the perspective of public policy and productivity of animal feed producers, and analyzes political relations and ideas for VAT policy on animal feed in an effort to support national flour industry and animal feed industry

The objective of this article is to highlightthe importanceof establishing a tributary culture in ourcountry as it would have major impact to our national economy. If it could be demonstrated that government authorities invest in the well-being and development of our society, it would help build the confidence and credibility of any government. Having acceptance and support from all the citizens, we could propose a tributary culture where we all pay taxes without exception, from small business owners to big corporations, based on the principle of proportionality which states that the contributions should be relative to the payment capacity of each person or individual. No Nicaraguan that performs any type of economic activity should be exempt from paying taxes. The biggest challenge is to create a level of tributary consciousnessamong Nicaraguans that will allow our country to make progress, for the future generations, where tributary evasion is abolished. ; El objetivo de este artículo es destacar la importancia de establecer una cultura tributaria en nuestro país, ya que tendría importancia en la economía nacional. Si en la sociedad se puede reflejar que las autoridades gubernamentales invierten en el progreso y bienestar de los ciudadanos, le darían mayor confianza y credibilidad a cualquier gobierno. Teniendo la aceptación y respaldo de los ciudadanos se propondría una cultura tributaria donde todos paguemos impuestos sin excepción, desde los pequeños comerciantes ambulantes hasta las grandes empresas, basado en el principio de proporcionalidad, que es conforme a la capacidad de pago personal e individual, en razón del cual, las cargas fiscales deben fijarse en proporción a los índices de capacidad de pago. Ningún nicaragüense que efectué cualquier actividad económica, debería estar exento de pagar impuesto, el reto enorme que existe es crear un nivel de conciencia tributaria entre los nicaragüenses, que haría un país diferente con muchas oportunidades de progresos, para nuestras generaciones, donde se ...

Charities as such are not mentioned in the VAT Directive. However, the Directive contains "exemptions for certain activities in the public interest" and most of those activities are deemed charitable in many Member States, such as activities in the framework of medical care, welfare and social security work, education, religion, sports, and culture. In this article, the author gives an overview of the legal history of the EU VAT exemptions and discusses the position of charities whose activities may be within or outside the scope of VAT. In view of the ineffectiveness and inefficiency of these VAT exemptions, the author discusses alternative approaches, and points to developments that may affect the VAT position of charities in the future.