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Th e relatively predictable nature of international relations has changed, and today's strategic planners must take into consideration a large number of related security issues starting primarily from globalization as the dominant process in the international community. Faced with new challenges and threats, the post-modern society is obliged to make some changes of military missions from classical towards non-traditional missions for preservation and building of peace and its use in its own territory as a complement to civilian resources in cases of various crisis situations. Inevitably the question is what new asymmetric security challenges brought and where they settled Army as a pillar of national internal and external security. Th e new security reality also brings about a higher degree of interdependence between civilian andmilitary actors.Th ese changes result in a phenomenon that might be called a post-modern paradox – connecting and distancing of the armed forces from the society. And as the fi rst is caused by the mixing of internal and external security risks, and by increasing cooperation between military and civilian institutions, the second segment is caused by inevitable professionalization of the army and its transition to international missions. Th e given situation Charles Moskos represents in the following way "the perceptions of threats and opportunities presented in the light of the international situation shaped by military forces, military missions, and the relationship of the military in society."Th e wave of migrants, as a result of the war in the Middle East, has opened the Balkan route as the main entrance of migrants to Western Europe. Large infl ux of migrants, imposed this issue as fi rst-class security problem, which caused strain of all resources of the state at the specifi ed route and the involvement of the army in its peacetime mission assistance to civil authorities in emergencies. Th is fact showed that the army, with its organization, status, reputation, resources represents the pillar of the existence of internal security.Starting with the request that the army should have the ability to ensure compatibility with civil factors within the overall national security forces, modular military structure for missions in emergencies can be an option for adequate response.

"Today, Western thinking about the use of force is determined by geopolitical change, the financial crisis and bad memories from operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. This contribution argues that geopolitical change requires Europe to consider the consequences of multipolarity and the tendency for rising powers to want unrestricted access to raw materials and energy to support economic growth. In addition, America's rebalancing to the East, a policy of retrenchment and the concept of leading from behind, all indicate that Europe must be able to defend its vital interests without American support. Consequently, Europe needs a full-spectrum force, which can only be sustained when nations move from defense cooperation to defense integration. Local and regional conflicts could require crisis response operations to relieve humanitarian suffering or to defend less critical European interests. But bad memories of operations in Iraq and Afghanistan will have a considerable impact on future operations. Only when Europe's vital interests are at stake are states willing to carry out large-scale stabilization operations. When lesser interests are at stake, Europe will abstain or limit its response to an enabling rote, supporting response operations carried out by local or regional forces. The core message of this contribution is that Europe needs a fall spectrum force that can be deployed without U.S. support; that Europe should therefore move from defense cooperation to defense integration; and that when it comes to the actual deployment of its forces, Europe must better balance political objectives and military means." (author's abstract)

"This book explores the international law framework governing the use of armed force in occupied territory through a rigorous analysis of the interplay between jus ad bellum, international humanitarian law, and international human rights law. Through an examination of state practice and opinio juris, treaty provisions and relevant international and domestic case law, this book offers the first comprehensive study on this topic. This book will be relevant to scholars, practitioners, legal advisors, and students across a range of sub-disciplines of international law, as well as in peace and conflict studies, international relations, and political science. This study will influence the way in which States use armed force in occupied territory, offering guidance and support in litigations before domestic and international courts and tribunals"--

AbstractDuring the second half of the twentieth century the international community, facing the terrorist phenomenon, reacted with the adoption of a series of treaties concerning specific types of terrorist acts, and the obligations of states with regard to them. Alternatively terrorism-oriented legislation, which initially covered only acts affecting civilians, has gradually expanded to cover some acts of terrorism against military personnel and installations. This contribution attempts to assess the repercussions of this evolution on the status and the protection of armed forces engaged in the so-called "war on terrorism" by examining the existing dynamic between these regulations and international humanitarian law.

Social unrest on the interior of the country (like actions of Egyptian Defense Minister on July 3rd, 2013 against the President of the Republic, Syrian Government actions against the participants in civil uprisings) raised the question on what means ascertain democratic military control or whether a democratic state can limit and control the use of the armed forces in a democratic way. This scientific research tries to analyze in a comparative aspect the constitutional status of the Head of the state, as the Commander-in-Chief of Military Forces, and Defense Minister in various countries with different types of government, as well as their capabilities to use the military forces. Means by the democratically elected state government to control military forces and to stop their illegal use is also analyzed.

"Different activities conducted by armed forces and their personnel are governed by different branches of international law, in particular international humanitarian law, international criminal law and human rights law. In recent times, the growing number and jurisprudence of international jurisdictions have also addressed the activities of military personnel engaged in different scenarios, including the internal organisation of armed forces and forms of violation of different rules of international law. Relevant decisions include, for instance, the international ad hoc criminal Tribunals, special courts, and truth and reconciliation commissions, as well as human rights courts and the International Court of Justice. This book explores the relationship between armed forces and international tribunals, courts and non-judicial bodies, taking into consideration the case-law developed by those jurisdictions"--Back cover

The relation of an international military authority to the industrial (once nuclear) powers in a disarmed world is an intriguing one. We should not expect much success in finding an ideal strategy for it. It is hard enough to find one for the United States, Britain, or the Soviet Union in the familiar world of competitive military force.

The energy security landscape that we envisage in 2050 will be different from that of today. Meeting the future energy needs of the armed forces will be a key challenge, not least for military security. The World Energy Council's World Energy Scenarios forecast that the world's population will rise to 10 billion by 2050, which will also necessitate an increase in the size of the armed forces. In this context, energy extraction, distribution, and storage become essential to stabilizing the imbalance between production and demand. Among the available solutions, Power to Hydrogen (P2H) is one of the most appealing options. However, despite the potential, many obstacles currently hinder the development of the P2H market. This article aims to identify and analyse existing barriers to the introduction of P2H technologies that use hydrogen. The holistic approach used, which was based on a literature survey, identified obstacles and possible strategies for overcoming them. The research conducted presents an original research contribution at the level of hydrogen strategies considered in leading countries around the world. The research findings identified unresolved regulatory issues and sources of uncertainty in the armed forces. There is a lack of knowledge in the armed forces of some countries about the process of producing hydrogen energy and its benefits, which raises concerns about the consistency of its exploitation. Negative attitudes towards hydrogen fuel energy can be a significant barrier to its deployment in the armed forces. Possible approaches and solutions have also been proposed to eliminate obstacles and to support decision makers in defining and implementing a strategy for hydrogen as a clean energy carrier. There are decisive and unresolved obstacles to its deployment, not only in the armed forces.