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One of the issues constantly discussed in the context of human rights is their assessment as universal or relative. International human rights norms are universal, which corresponds to the nature of human rights. The process of universalization of human rights began after the second world war with the creation of the United Nations, whose Charter declared its determination to reaffirm faith in the fundamental rights of the individual, in the equality of men and women and in the equality of nations large and small. These intentions of the organization were confirmed by the adoption of universal documents: the International Bill of Human Rights, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948, the International Covenants on Human Rights, opened for signature on December 16, 1966, and other acts. However, the problem lies in the fact that human rights recognized at the international level as universal and enshrined in international instruments, which must be respected by all and everywhere, lose the signs and qualities of universality under the influence of various socio-cultural, national traditions and customs, religious and other factors, and acquire the meaning or status of relative ones.

El presente trabajo analiza la propuesta de la renta básica universal partiendo de sus orígenes hasta el debate que se produce en la actualidad, donde la cuestión no se centra tanto en la fundamentación normativa de la misma, como en su viabilidad política y económica. Además, se analizan las diferencias con las rentas mínimas o el ingreso mínimo vital que fue aprobado por el Gobierno español en junio de 2020. Por último, se plantea que la renta básica universal puede jugar un papel relevante en el contexto actual de las relaciones laborales caracterizadas por su precarización, jugando como un contrapeso a la misma. ; The present paper analyzes the proposal of the universal basic income starting from its origins until the debate that takes place at present, where the question does not focus so much on the normative foundation of it, as on its political and economic viability. In addition, the differences with the minimum incomes or the minimum vital income that was approved by the Spanish Government in June 2020 are analyzed. Finally, it is proposed that universal basic income may play a relevant role in the current context of labor relations characterized by their precariousness, playing as a counterweight to it.

Abstract This article questions whether or not Denmark is still a universal welfare state. It does so by first offering a comparative‐based analysis of the Nordic countries on central welfare state parameters. Second, the article utilizes a case‐based analysis in respect of three core areas of the Danish welfare state—pensions, unemployment and early retirement benefit—to assess the distinctiveness of the Danish model. The article concludes that, notwithstanding the Danish model is more mixed today than it used to be, it continues to be distinct in areas such as equality, full employment, a high level of spending on social security and an active labour market policy.

"The NBER Bulletin on Aging and Health provides summaries of publications like this. You can sign up to receive the NBER Bulletin on Aging and Health by email. Since Brazil's adoption of a universal health care policy in 1988, the country's health care has been delivered by a mix of private providers and free public providers. We examine whether income-based disparities in medical care usage still exist after the development of the public network using a nationally representative sample of over 46,000 Brazilians from 2003. We find robust evidence of a positive association between income and doctor visits, private doctor visits, and private medical expenditures. Interestingly, we also find a pro-rich disparity in public doctor visits that disappears after including local area fixed effects to account for variation in availability and quality of medical services across localities. We then estimate the income elasticity of private medical expenditures to be well below one, suggesting that private care remains a necessity despite the availability of free public care. These results suggest that the public health care system in Brazil is not effectively reaching the segments of the population that need it most"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site