Suchergebnisse

3 well-established mortality differentials have been observed in pop studies in the US: lower mortality of (1) F's to M's; (2) Ru to Ur people; & (3) white to non-white pop. Census and other pop data is analyzed to determine trends, if any, in these mortality differentials. That data indicate that two of these differentials (Ru and Ur and between whites and non-whites) seem to be disappearing. The differential in mortality between F's and M's tends to widen rather than to narrow. In the future the demographer may find it fruitful to supplant race and residence categories for those based on economic status, SC's, occupations, etc., for the purpose of analysis of mortality differentials. E. Scott.

Background and Purpose: The maternal mortality rate in the United States is uncharacteristically high for a developed nation. Despite a concerted effort to participate in decreasing maternal mortality rates internationally as part of the United Nation's Millennium Development Goals, the United States has failed many of its mothers when it comes to positive maternal health outcomes. The quality of health care in the United States is comparable to other developed nations, suggesting that the unusually high maternal mortality rate is not due to physician error and lack of proper physician techniques and rather due to social variables. There are many broad analyses of social causes of mortality but few investigations into associations between maternal mortality and general social variables. Methods: Cross-sectional data of ten states in 2016 was collected to be analyzed in this investigation. The states were indexed by geography, total population, per capita state health care expenditure, and political affiliation of the Electoral College in 2016. Data was collected from various databases including the Census Bureau. States were given numerical identification and analyzed in STATA using an ML-Random Effects model with the panel variable "State ID". Results: The social variables Male/Female Ratio, Education Level (Less than High School and High School Graduate or Equivalent), and Percent Uninsured were all statistically significant in the ML-Random Effects model used to represent the data. Specifically, women able to gain some high school education and higher percentages of women covered by health insurance caused the maternal mortality rate to decrease in this model. The variables for Median Income and Average Age of Mother were not reported as significant based on this model. Conclusions: Access to education and health insurance are two social variables that are associated with maternal mortality. These variables can be manipulated through economic policy to increase access to education and access to health insurance, which in turn will lead to more positive health outcomes for women giving birth in the United States. There is a need currently to reevaluate funding for public education and commit to invest in public education as a social tool to combat maternal mortality. Further, the health insurance system in the United States needs to be examined through cost-benefit analysis to better understand shortcomings in the system and focus energy, time, and money on these areas to specifically facilitate women entering health care facilities for prenatal through postnatal care.

This volume contains final figures on the reported incidence of notifiable diseases for 1978 as well as selected data on non-notifiable conditions of special interest. The first section of this summary contains morbidity and mortality information for each of the 46 currently reportable conditions. Tables in this section contain the number of cases of notifiable diseases reported to the Center for Disease Control (CDC) during the past 10 years, and for 1978 describe the distribution of cases by age, month, and geographic location. The second section of this volume includes additional epidemiologic information regarding 36 reportable conditions. The third section contains data about other conditions of special interest. The data from all these sections come either from annual summary reports or case-investigation forms, which are completed by state and territorial health departments as well as from other sources. Finally, a brief historical summary of morbidity reporting and surveillance in the United States is contained in this volume. ; Foreward -- Historical development of national morbidity reporting and surveillance in the United States -- Sources of data -- -- Section 1. Summary of notifiable diseases in the United States -- Reported cases by year, 1968-1978 -- Reported case rates by year, 1968-1978 -- Reported deaths by year, 1968-1977 -- Reported cases by month, 1978 -- Reported cases by age, 1978 -- Reported cases by geographic division and by state, 1978 -- -- Section 2. Additional analysis of notifiable diseases in the United States (statistical tables, graphs, maps, and narratives for each of 36 notifiable conditions are grouped in alphabetical order in this section) -- -- Section 3. Conditions of special interest -- Cases optionally reported by certain states, 1978 -- Deaths from special acute conditions by year, 1968-1977 -- Abortion -- Lead poisoning -- Pneumonia and influenza (deaths in 121 selected cities) -- Reye syndrome -- Index -- State epidemiologists ; Cover title. ; ""September 1979." ; Includes index.

The United States trails other developed countries in adult mortality, a process that has become more pronounced over the past several decades. However, comparisons are complicated by substantial geographic variations in mortality within the United States. The second half of the twentieth century was characterized by a substantial divergence in adult mortality between the South and the rest of the United States. The article examines trends in US geographic variation in mortality between 1965 and 2004, in particular the aggregate divergence in mortality between the southern states and states with more favorable mortality experience. Relatively high smoking‐attributable mortality in the South explains 50–100 percent of the divergence for men between 1965 and 1985 and up to 50 percent for women between 1985 and 2004. There is also a geographic correspondence between the contribution of smoking and other factors, suggesting that smoking may be one piece of a more complex health‐related puzzle.

2015 Spring. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; The purpose of this study is to examine contributing factors of ATV injuries and deaths through application of the Agent-Host-Environment epidemiological model. By analyzing the associations between contributing factors and classifying these factors based on the model, appropriate intervention strategies may be identified. All US incident reports of ATV fatalities and injuries between 2011 and 2013 were obtained from the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). Each report was read and coded based on information available in the narrative incident report. Each coded variable was classified as relating to a section of the epidemiologic triangle: agent, host, or environment. Descriptive statistics were obtained for the coded variables and Chi-Square Automatic Interaction Detector (CHAID) analysis was performed in order to identify associations between predictor variables. A total of 1,230 incident reports were obtained and, after data cleansing, a total 1,193 fatality reports remained. While only 12% of cases occurred on farms, the calculated incidence rate in the farming population (.62 per 100,000 population/year) is higher than the overall incident rate in the United States (.13 per 100,000 population/year). Descriptive statistics showed low helmet use (11.85% of fatal cases) and high use of alcohol and drugs (84.2% of fatal cases). The CHAID results showed significant associations between all types of variables: agent, host, and environment. The present study provides nationwide statistics on ATV fatalities, approaching risk factor analysis with regard to the agent-host-environment epidemiological model. The three aspects of the epidemiologic triangle each contribute, and build upon each other, to create the combination of risk factors that lead to a fatal event. By modeling and categorizing risk it is possible to develop targeted solutions to the root cause of the hazard. Through use of legislation and training, many host-related risk factors can be controlled, use of engineering controls can mitigate risk due to the agent and/or physical environment, and use of targeted marketing strategies and education may be able to limit risk due to the social environment.

Objective. This article examines individual-level black-white differences in adult homicide mortality, a major social problem & a central cause of preventable death in the US. Methods. We link eight consecutive years of the National Health Interview Survey (1987-1994) to the Multiple Cause of Death file through the National Death Index (1987-1997) & use Cox proportional hazard models to examine the role of social factors in black-white homicide mortality in the US. Results. We find that individual-level sociodemographic characteristics -- age, sex, marital status, education, employment status, & geographic factors -- explain almost 35% of the racial differences in homicide mortality. Conclusions. These results demonstrate the contributions that National Center for Health Statistics data can make to criminological literature & reveal the mechanisms through which blacks experience higher homicide mortality than whites. Such illumination may lead to a reduction in the fourth leading preventable cause of death in the US. 3 Tables, 40 References. Adapted from the source document.