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On cover: 23rd oil shale symposium proceedings. ; Includes illustrations. ; The following is a partial foreward by James H. Gary, Director of Symposia and Professor of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum Refining: The 23rd Oil Shale Symposium was made possible by the support of the U.S. Department of Energy and those authors and their companies who provided the papers and made the presentations at the Symposium. Although there were fewer papers than in the past years, the quality of the presentations was excellent and the material covered was very valuable to those attending. The attendance was better than that for the 22nd Oil Shale Symposium even though there has been no renewal of interest in alternate liquid fuels by the U.S. The United States has become increasingly dependent upon imported crude oils and, during 1989, imports averaged over 46% of the total crude demand. Also, U.S. crude oil reserves fell for the 19th straight year. In spite of these trends, the low prices and easy availability of crude oils have prevented the reawakening of interest for a synthetic fuels program and the reopening of research and development programs in the fuels and energy industry.

THIS ARTICLE OUTLINES IN BROAD TERMS THE BACKGROUND TO THE SOVIET TWENTY-THIRD CONGRESS. AN ATTEMPT IS MADE TO DISTINGUISH THE BALANCE BETWEEN THE PROGRESSIVE, SOCIALIST FORCES IN SOVIET SOCIETY AND THE REACTIONARY ONES. THE DIFFICULTY OF GAUGING THE STRENGTH OF TRENDS BECAUSE OF THE LACK OF OPEN DEBATE IS POINTED OUT. THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE CONGRESS TO THE POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE USSR IS ANALYSED.

The 1968 Conference of the Amer Assoc for PO Res was held May 8-11, 1968, in Santa Barbara, Calif. An AAPOR Award for distinguished achievement was posthumously presented this yr to Elmo C. Wilson. The presidential address was held by outgoing President Paul Sheatsley & appears in this issue of the journal (see SA 1020/D8504). The Conference was divided into 12 subject areas of PO res, in which papers were presented. 20 roundtables were conducted. M. Maxfield.