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The author has taken as his subject the relations between Soviet Russia and Turkey in 1919-1921 and their impact on the political situation in Azerbaijan, which announced its independence on 28 May, 1918.

The purpose of the current study was to identify Turkish women's social capital formation. This study consisted of 170 women with low SES residing closer to shantytowns. The authors performed the Logistic regression analysis to examine the social capital formation (civic engagement, trust, social participation, and social networks) of women in terms of six variables (age, educational level, employment and marital status, homeownership, community centers, and the length of stay in the same neighborhood) in four different community centers in Ankara, Turkey. Logistic regression results suggest that the length of stay in the same neighborhood was associated both with staying in touch with neighbors (social networks) and trust in municipal service provision (trust), and women's educational level was associated with voting (civic engagement) and the utilization of municipal services (social participation). Further research should be conducted by comparing men's and women's social capital creation by adding other variables.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to apply Value Added Intellectual Coefficient (VAIC™) of Pulic to compare quoted information technology and communication companies on the Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE), in terms of intellectual capital efficiency. This study also examines VAIC™, and its components' impact on company performance.Design/methodology/approachMultiple regression analysis was employed to identify the variables that significantly contribute to the company performance. Data required to calculate VAIC™ and its components were obtained from the 2005‐2007 annual reports and balance sheets of the companies.FindingsAs a whole, all the companies had a relatively higher human capital efficiency than structural and capital efficiencies. In 2007, Turkcell was the most efficient company based on VAIC™ assessment, while Link Bilgisayar and Plastikkart were the least efficient companies. Additionally, the results of the study revealed that factors such as human capital efficiency, firm leverage, and firm size, predicted profitability well. Among them, human capital efficiency had the highest impact. In addition, capital employed efficiency was found to be a significant predictor of both productivity and return on equity, and the only determinant of market valuation was the firm size.Practical implicationsThis study allowed ITC companies to benchmark themselves according to the intellectual capital efficiencies and develop strategies to enhance their company's performance.Originality/valueThis study is the first that measures intellectual capital performance and its impact on the company performance of the quoted information technology and communication companies on the ISE.

Human capital is one of the country's most significant economic metrics. Today, of course, the advancement of technology, the production of inventions, is a result of the human brain. It, in effect, naturally happens in countries with highly evolved human capital. This paper summarizes the arguments and counterarguments within the scientific discussion on the issue priorities of human capital development in Azerbaijan during the industrial revolution. The main purpose of the research is to identify and encourage the improvements in Industry 4.0 in Azerbaijan that would be essential for human capital, as well as to suggest a sustainable workplace outlook for current manufacturing businesses during the modern industrial revolution. The relevance of this scientific problem decision is that given the formation of new mechanisms of development on the eve of the 4th Industrial Revolution, these factors also have an impact on the development of human capital. Because the emergence of new professions during the 4th industrial revolution makes it necessary to form human capital in accordance with these professions. Investigation of the topic in the paper is carried out in the following logical sequence: introducton, literature review, research methodology, empirical findings and conclusions. We used some indicators expressed in the 2008-2017 Global Competitiveness Report of the Azerbaijan World Economic Forum to assess the findings. The object of research is the chosen country is Azerbaijan, because namely here, the development of human capital is one of the main goals of public policy. The paper presents the results of an empirical analysis regression, which showed that regression outcomes show that independent variables can explain 63.2 percent of the heterogeneity in higher education and training in Azerbaijan. Calculations of parameters indicate that any change of 1 percent in the independent variable will increase by 0.341 percent. The results of the study suggest that progressive reforms in Azerbaijan's higher education and training have had a major effect. To meet the requirements of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, spending on human capital must be increased. The results of the research can be useful for in the direction of formation of competitive human capital and creation of modern innovation space in the coming years.

Intro -- AZERBAIJAN: PROFILES, FOREIGN RELATIONS, AND HUMAN RIGHTS -- AZERBAIJAN: PROFILES, FOREIGN RELATIONS, AND HUMAN RIGHTS -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 AZERBAIJAN: RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND U.S. INTERESTS -- SUMMARY -- POLITICAL BACKGROUND -- The November 2010 Milli Majlis Election -- The 2011-2012 Protests -- Human Rights -- ECONOMIC CONDITIONS -- Energy -- Building the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and South Caucasus Pipelines -- Other Export Pipeline Proposals -- Regional Energy Cooperation with Iran -- FOREIGN POLICY AND DEFENSE -- The NK Conflict -- U.S. RELATIONS -- CONTRIBUTIONS TO COUNTER-TERRORISM -- End Notes -- Chapter 2 AZERBAIJAN COUNTRY PROFILE -- HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHTS -- GOVERNMENT AND POLITICAL CONDITIONS -- Principal Government Officials -- ECONOMY -- Environmental Issues -- DEFENSE AND MILITARY ISSUES -- FOREIGN RELATIONS -- Nagorno-Karabakh -- U.S.-AZERBAIJAN RELATIONS -- U.S. Assistance to Azerbaijan -- Chapter 3 2011 COUNTRY REPORTS ON HUMAN RIGHTS PRACTICES - AZERBAIJAN -- INTRODUCTION -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- Section 1. Respect for the Integrity of the Person, Including Freedom from: -- a. Arbitrary or Unlawful Deprivation of Life -- b. Disappearance -- c. Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment -- Prison and Detention Center Conditions -- d. Arbitrary Arrest or Detention -- Role of the Police and Security Apparatus -- Arrest Procedures and Treatment While in Detention -- e. Denial of Fair Public Trial -- Trial Procedures -- Political Prisoners and Detainees -- Regional Human Rights Court Decisions -- Civil Judicial Procedures and Remedies -- f. Arbitrary Interference with Privacy, Family, Home, or Correspondence -- Section 2. Respect for Civil Liberties, Including: -- a. Freedom of Speech and Press Status of Freedom of Speech and Press -- Internet Freedom

With the collapse of the Soviet Union, the relative stability that prevailed in the Caucasus region during the Cold War period dissolved into instability and conflicts. This article is based on a comparative analysis of Turkish foreign policy in the context of the Azerbaijan-Armenia conflicts. During the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, Türkiye gave political and military support to Azerbaijan, but this support was not sufficient to change the course of the conflict. Türkiye showed an ardent interest in playing a mediator role. However, its mediator role was limited due to domestic and external circumstances. During the Nakhchivan conflict, Turkish policymakers brought up the possibility of interfering militarily to end the conflict in line with Türkiye's legal commitments. However, Türkiye's pro-Azerbaijani position took the form of discursive reactions and border militarization. When the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War erupted in 2020, Türkiye played a much more assertive role to the point of actively contributing to tilting the balance in favor of Azerbaijan. This article compares Türkiye's position on the Azerbajani-Armenian conflicts and discusses its impacts and implications in the context of the regional dynamics.