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Bidal Aguero was born on July 23, 1949, and attended Texas Technological College (later Texas Tech University) in the fall of 1967. While there, he became active a Mexican American student organization called Los Tertullianos, becoming vice-president in 1970 and president in 1971. Los Tertullianos organized gatherings and seminars to encourage Mexican American students to be more politically active. Aguero graduated from Texas Tech in December 1972 with a B.A. in music education and after working for Learn-Education Talent Search for seven months, he helped found COMA (Commerciantes Organizacion Mexicano Americano), the Mexican-American Chamber of Commerce, in 1972. ; He joined La Raza Unida Party, ran for local offices such as county commissioner, and participated in organizing protests for injustices done against Mexican Americans. Aguero was one of those who filed a lawsuit against the Lubbock Independent School District to change its method of electing school trustees. Aguero has worked in several local social service organizations such as Defensa, Inc., Chicanos Unidos-Campensions, and Llano Estacado Farmworkers of Tejas and government groups such as the South Plains Association of Governments, the State of Texas, and the City of Lubbock. Aguero is currently publisher of one of the two weekly Spanish newspapers in Lubbock, El Editor. ; Aguero has worked in several local social service organizations such as Defensa, Inc., Chicanos Unidos-Campensions, and Llano Estacado Farmworkers of Tejas and government groups such as the South Plains Association of Governments, the State of Texas, and the City of Lubbock. Aguero is currently publisher of one of the two weekly Spanish newspapers in Lubbock, El Editor. ; Full biography can be found at http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/ttusw/00042/tsw-00042.html ; The collection consists of personal, financial and business records, civil rights and social service organizational materials, and government papers. ; Bidal Aguero Papers, 1949-1988 and undated, Southwest ...

This survey includes the public schools and school systems for Negroes in Travis County, Texas. There are 13 common school districts employing 32 teachers and principals with 17 school buildings and one independent school district employing two teachers with one building in Travis County. Under our democratic type of government, every Negro child living within these school districts is entitled to enjoy equalized educational opportunities. The task of an effort to equalize educational opportunities in the rural areas of the nation has become increasingly difficult because of the depletion of rural life and the concentration of population and wealth in industrial centers. Approximately 12,000,000 school children of the United States are in schools classified as rural and in towns of a thousand or fewer inhabitants.1 Until recent years this problem seems to have no feasible solution, but with the coming of the automobile, the grading and graveling of roads, and particularly the building of paved roads, the whole nature of the problem has been changed. Prom the possibilities growing out of these innovations the problem of this thesis is presented. Statement of Problem The problem toward which this study is directed centers around one major question: Can the present educational deficiencies of the Negro rural schools of Travis County be remedied by a sane county-wide plan of consolidation of the 13 common school districts and the one independent school district that at present exist?. An attempt is made to compile important data relative to the Negro schools of Travis County, Texas; to evaluate the findings in the light of accepted educational standards; to discover as accurately as possible what educational opportunities are offered in each school district in the county for Negroes; to account for the variation, if any, in the cost of education for the children living in the various districts; to investigate the desires for better educational facilities by the people of the various districts as evidenced by the school tax rates and levies; to suggest a reorganization of the schools upon sound principles of educational administration, and make such recommendations as might lead to improving present school conditions. Educational authorities contend that equalization of opportunities for training can be accomplished only by organizing public schools into large administrative units.

This study examines outcomes related to a parent representation pilot program in Travis County, Texas. Participation in the pilot program was related to earlier attorney appointment, a higher percentage of attorney presence across the life of the case, and a higher percentage of permanent outcomes for children. Parents' percentage of presence at hearings across the life of the case was related to the child being returned home, dismissal of the juvenile dependency petition, and permanent management conservatorship. Early attorney appointment (i.e., less than 10 days from the initial hearing to full appointment) was related to permanent case outcomes.

On behalf of Brookfield Residential, SWCA Environmental Consultants (SWCA) conducted an intensive cultural resources investigation of the proposed Pilot Knob Wastewater Interceptor Project in southeast Austin, Travis County, Texas. The project involves the construction of a roughly 2.1-mile-long wastewater interceptor line with an 80-foot temporary and 40-foot permanent easement, and encompasses 20.0 acres. The project has two components: the initial 1.7-mile-long wastewater interceptor and the additional 0.34- mile-long Phase 2 extension. The initial project alignment begins at Dee Gabriel Collins Road, located approximately 0.6 mile northwest of the intersection of U.S. Route 183 and Farm-to-Market (FM) 812. The proposed line traverses undeveloped land for 1.7 miles and terminates approximately 0.6 mile east of the intersection of McKinney Falls Parkway and Colton Bluff Springs Road. The Phase 2 additional alignment will extend 0.34 mile north-northeast of Dee Gabriel Collins Road before terminating in an undeveloped tract. The depths of project impacts are currently unknown, but horizontal directional bores are proposed at road and drainage crossings and are not expected to exceed 15–20 feet below ground surface. The area of potential effects (APE) for the project is approximately 2.1 miles long and 80 feet wide, encompassing 20.0 acres. The proposed APE is within a semi-rural setting that is quickly becoming more urbanized. As portions of the initial project alignment traverse potential waters of the U.S., the project must comply with application requirements for a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Fort Worth District Section 404 permit in accordance with 33 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 325, Appendix C (Processing Department of Army Permits: Procedures for the Protection of Historic Properties; Final Rule 1990; with current Interim Guidance Document dated June 24, 2002) and with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (16 USC 470), and its implementing regulations (36 CFR 800). Portions of the initial project alignment within the 100-year floodplain may also be subject to permitting by the Federal Emergency Management Agency and require Section 106 compliance. Portions of the additional project alignment are on lands slated for ownership by the Pilot Knob Municipal Utility District No. 1, a political subdivision of the State of Texas, as a consequence, the project must comply with the Antiquities Code of Texas in addition to Section 106 of the NHPA and its implementing regulations. Consequently, all work was conducted in accordance with the standards and guidelines of the Antiquities Code of Texas under Antiquities Permit No. 7287. The goal of the work was to locate all prehistoric and historic archaeological sites within the proposed APE, establish vertical and horizontal site boundaries as appropriate, and evaluate the significance and eligibility of all recorded sites for inclusion to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The investigations were initiated with a background review of previous work, historic map review, and an archival review of the APE parcels. Field work involved an intensive pedestrian survey with shovel testing of the APE. The background review determined that portions of the APE have been previously surveyed and that one archaeological site (41TV2366) is recorded within the APE. Site 41TV2366 is an early-twentieth-century farm complex and is not considered eligible for inclusion to the NRHP or for designation as a State Antiquities Landmark (SAL). Historic maps revealed six possible historic-age structures and one cemetery within or immediately adjacent to the APE. Field work for the initial alignment was conducted on October 29, 2014, with a total of 19 shovel tests excavated in portions of the APE. Field work for the additional project alignment was conducted on May 21, 2015, with a total of three shovel tests excavated within the APE. The APE exhibits prior modifications from residential and agricultural development and associated utility installations. The investigations revisited site 41TV2366, verified the location of a historic-age cemetery, and recorded site 41TV2480. Site 41TV2366 is a historic-age farm complex and is considered not eligible for inclusion in the NRHP. No avoidance or additional work is required. The historic-age Collins Cemetery is located 93 feet from centerline and is protected under 711.035(f) and 711.010(a)(b) of the Health and Safety Code of Texas, and as a result, avoidance of the cemetery is required by state law. However, based upon the current alignment, the centerline is over 90 feet north of the cemetery fence and adequately avoids the cemetery. Therefore, the Collins Cemetery will not be impacted by construction activities associated with the Pilot Knob Interceptor Project. As such no additional work is required. Site 41TV2480 is a historic-age circa 1955 residence identified and recorded along the margin of the additional alignment project alignment. No historic-age artifacts associated with 41TV2480 were observed in the current APE, and the residence has been continuously lived in as well as modified compromising its integrity. Based on these factors, site 41TV2480 is recommended as ineligible for inclusion in the NRHP or for designation as an SAL, and no further work is recommended. In accordance with 36 CFR 800.4, SWCA has made a reasonable and good faith effort to identify cultural resources within the APE. As no properties were identified that meet the criteria for listing in the NRHP, according to 36 CFR 60.4, or for designation as an SAL, according to 13 Texas Administrative Code 26.12, SWCA recommends no further cultural resources investigations are warranted within the project APE.

At the request of Carmel Devco, Inc., Pape‐Dawson conducted an intensive archaeological survey of the western portion of the proposed Carmel Development Project in northeastern Travis County, Texas. The project involves the construction of a new municipal utility district (MUD 1) within the 451‐acre (182.5‐ hectare [ha]) project area. No impacts are planned adjacent to or within the floodplain of Wilbarger Creek and its tributaries, which composes approximately 87 acres (35.2 ha) of MUD 1. Thus, archaeological investigations were conducted within the remaining 364 acres (147.3 ha). The depths of impacts vary, but typically road construction impacts are 4 to 5 feet (ft) (1.22 to 1.52 meters [m]) deep, while underground utility installations may impact up to 12 ft (3.66 m) deep. A MUD is a political subdivision of the State of Texas authorized by the Texas Commission of Environmental Quality to provide water, sewage, drainage, and other services within the MUD boundaries. Based on MUD 1's status as a political subdivision of the state, compliance with the Antiquities Code of Texas is necessary. As no federal funding or permitting is required for this project, compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act will not be necessary. The investigation was conducted in compliance with the Antiquities Code of Texas under Antiquities Permit No. 7523. The purpose of the investigation was to identify all historic or prehistoric cultural resources located within the project area and to evaluate the significance and eligibility of identified resources for designation as a State Antiquities Landmark (SAL). All work was done in accordance with the archaeological survey standards and guidelines as developed by the Council of Texas Archaeologists (CTA) and adopted by the Texas Historical Commission (THC). The investigations included a cultural resources background literature and records review and an intensive pedestrian survey with shovel testing. The background review revealed that portions of the project area have been previously surveyed, and one previously recorded site (41TV2453) is within the project area. In addition, the Pfluger Cemetery (commemorated by an Official Texas Historical Marker) is within the project area, and site 41TV2338 is adjacent to the project area. Pape Dawson's intensive archaeological survey included pedestrian survey and the excavation of 198 shovel tests on January 28 and 29, February 2 and 3, and June 7, 8, 15, and 16, 2016. The survey exceeded the CTA/THC standards, which require 1 shovel test per 3 acres for a project of this size. A total of 16 shovel tests was positive for cultural material, and four archaeological sites (41TV2523, 41TV2524, 41TV2525, and 41TV2526) and one isolated find were newly recorded. In addition, site 41TV2453 was revisited and the boundary was expanded to include a surface scatter of historic‐age artifacts and a refuse dump within the current project area. Investigations found no evidence that adjacent site 41TV2338 extended into the project area. Sites 41TV2523, 41TV2524, and 41TV2526 are likely part of the same historic landscape and date from the late‐nineteenth to mid‐twentieth centuries. Archival research indicates these sites are associated with the Pfluger, Bohls, Kuempel, and Dossmann families and their tenants or laborers. Sites 41TV2523, 41TV2524, and 41TV2526 were evaluated according to the criteria in 13 Texas Administrative Code (TAC) 26.10. All of these sites were recorded based upon encountering shallowly buried cultural material in shovel tests or on the surface in a secondary context, and each site lacks intact features besides ubiquitous animal sheds and water wells. None of the sites possess unique or rare attributes concerning Texas history or has the potential to contribute to a better understanding of Texas history by the addition of new and important information. Archival research did not identify any specific individuals associated with sites 41TV2523, 41TV2524, and 41TV2526 that are significant on the local or national level. Based on these criteria, all of these sites are recommended not eligible for designation as an SAL, and Pape‐Dawson recommends no further archaeological work at sites 41TV2523, 41TV2524, and 41TV2526. While both sites 41TV2524 and 41TV2525 may extend outside the current project area; only the portions of the sites within the project area were evaluated. Site 41TV2525 is recommended not eligible for designation as an SAL, according to the criteria in 13 TAC 26.10, based on its shallowly buried, surficial, and non‐diagnostic assemblage. The portion of site 41TV2453 within the current project area is recommended not eligible for SAL designation based on the disturbed nature of the cultural deposits and lack of intact features. However, the portion of site 41TV2453 outside the current project area has not been evaluated and its eligibility for SAL designation remains undetermined. Diagnostic artifacts, project records, and photographs will be curated at the Center for Archaeological Studies at Texas State University.

At the request of Carmel Devco, Inc., Pape-Dawson conducted an intensive archaeological survey of the eastern portion of the proposed Carmel Development Project in northeastern Travis County, Texas. The project involves the construction of a new municipal utility district (MUD 2) within the 341-acre (138.1- hectare [ha]) project area. No impacts are planned adjacent to or within the floodplain of Wilbarger Creek and its tributaries, which composes approximately 70 acres (28.3 ha) of MUD 2. Thus, archaeological investigations were conducted within the remaining 271.4 acres (109.8 ha). The depths of impacts vary, but typically road construction impacts are 4 to 5 feet (ft) (1.22 to 1.52 meters [m]) deep, while underground utility installations may impact up to 12 ft (3.66 m) deep. A MUD is a political subdivision of the State of Texas authorized by the Texas Commission of Environmental Quality to provide water, sewage, drainage, and other services within the MUD boundaries. Based on MUD 2's status as a political subdivision of the state, compliance with the Antiquities Code of Texas is necessary. As no federal funding or permitting is anticipated for this project, compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) will not be necessary. The investigation was conducted in compliance with the Antiquities Code of Texas under Antiquities Permit No. 7519. The purpose of the investigations was to identify all historic or prehistoric cultural resources located within the project area and to evaluate the significance and eligibility of identified resources for designation as a State Antiquities Landmark (SAL). All work was done in accordance with the archaeological survey standards and guidelines as developed by the Council of Texas Archaeologists (CTA) and adopted by the Texas Historical Commission (THC). The investigations included a cultural resources background literature and records review and an intensive pedestrian survey with shovel testing. The background review revealed that portions of the project area have been previously surveyed, and two previously recorded sites (41TV2521 and 41TV2522) are within the project area. In addition, the Pfluger Cemetery (commemorated by an Official Texas Historical Marker) is adjacent to the project area, along with site 41TV2453. Pape Dawson's intensive archaeological survey included pedestrian survey and the excavation of 68 shovel tests on January 28 and 29, February 2 and 3, and June 7, 8, 15, and 16, 2016. The survey encountered extensive agricultural fields affording greater than 30 percent ground surface visibility; therefore, did not meet the CTA/THC standards, which require 1 shovel test per 3 acres for a project of this size. A total of ten shovel tests was positive for cultural material. Two previously recorded sites (41TV2521 and 41TV2522) were revisited and combined along with a third locus into one larger site, 41TV2521. In addition, archaeological site 41TV2527 and one isolated find were newly documented. Investigations found no evidence that adjacent site 41TV2453 extended into the project area. Sites 41TV2521 and 41TV2527 are likely part of the same historic landscape and date from the late-nineteenth to mid-twentieth centuries. Archival research indicates these sites are associated with the Bohls and Dossmann families and their tenants or laborers. Sites 41TV2521 and 41TV2527 were evaluated according to the criteria in 13 Texas Administrative Code (TAC) 26.10. Both sites were recorded based upon encountering shallowly buried cultural material in shovel tests or on the surface in a disturbed context and each site lacks intact features. Neither site possesses unique or rare attributes concerning Texas history or has the potential to contribute to a better understanding of Texas history by the addition of new and important information. Archival research did not identify any specific individuals associated with sites 41TV2521 and 41TV2527 that are significant on the local or national level. Based on these criteria, neither site is recommended eligible for designation as an SAL, and Pape-Dawson recommends no further archaeological work at sites 41TV2521 and 41TV2527. Diagnostic artifacts, project records, and photographs will be curated at the Center for Archaeological Studies at Texas State University.

At the request of Brookfield Residential, SWCA Environmental Consultants (SWCA) conducted an intensive cultural resources survey for the proposed realignment of Farm-to-Market Road (FM) 1625 in southeast Austin, Travis County, Texas. Portions of the project area are located within road right-of-way (ROW) owned by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT), a political subdivision of the State of Texas. As such, the proposed undertaking is subject to review under the Antiquities Code of Texas. Archaeological field investigations required a Texas Antiquities Permit issued by the Texas Historical Commission. SWCA conducted investigations under Antiquities Permit No. 7975 issued to Principal Investigator Ken Lawrence. The proposed realignment of FM 1625 begins 0.15 mile (790 feet) south of the intersection of McKenzie Road and FM 1625. The alignment trends northeast for 0.3 mile (1,555 feet) until the intersection of McKenzie Road and U.S. Highway 183 (US 183), and continues for another 300 feet north along the west side of US 183. The project also involves the removal of existing pavement along McKenzie Road and FM 1625 between US 183 and McKenzie Road and the removal of the bridge spanning the North Fork Dry Creek. The depth of impacts are anticipated to not exceed five feet below ground surface. This represents the direct area of potential effects (APE) for this project Investigations included a background literature review and an intensive pedestrian survey with shovel testing of the 0.3-mile-long project corridor. The proposed pavement removal will be limited to previously disturbed portions of the project area and as such, no survey will be conducted in these areas. As for the bridge removal planned at the crossing of North Fork Dry Creek, the bridge was photo documented and examined to determine if it is historic. The background review revealed that no cultural resource surveys and no cultural resource sites are within the project area (Texas Historical Commission [THC] 2017). One cultural resources survey and two archaeological sites are located within a 1-mile radius of the APE. Additionally, a review of the TxDOT Historic Overlay maps revealed no potential historic-age structures within or adjacent to the current project area (Foster et al. 2006). Overall, the intensive pedestrian survey revealed primarily agricultural lands with broad pastures and scattered residential housing within the upland Blackland Prairie environment. Previous impacts to the project area include agricultural and residential activity, vegetation clearing, and the construction and maintenance of FM 1625 and McKenzie Road, including drainage improvements. During the intensive survey investigations, which comprised visual inspection and the excavation of four shovel tests along the 0.3 mile of new ROW, SWCA identified no surface or subsurface cultural materials. In accordance with 33 Code of Federal Regulations 800.4, SWCA has made a reasonable and good faith effort to identify cultural resources properties within the APE. The field investigation discovered neither significant historic properties nor cultural resources as defined in the respective legislation; therefore, SWCA recommends that a finding of "no historic properties affected" be made for the current undertaking.

This report documents the substantive findings and management recommendations of a cultural resource inventory conducted by Integrated Environmental Solutions, LLC (IES) for the West State Highway (SH) 130 Interceptor Phases I and II Project in the City Of Pflugerville, Travis County, Texas. As the City of Pflugerville is a political entity of the State of Texas, it is required to comply with the Antiquities Code of Texas (ACT). In addition, as the project will require a Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (CWA) Nationwide Permit (NWP) from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), portions of the project would be subject to the provisions of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966, as amended. All work conformed to 36 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 800, and 13 Texas Administrative Code (TAC) 26, which outline the regulations for implementing Section 106 of the NHPA and the ACT, respectively. The goal of the survey was to locate, identify, and assess any cultural resources, which include standing buildings/structures and archeological sites that could be adversely affected by the proposed development, and to evaluate such resources for their potential eligibility for listing as a State Antiquities Landmark (SAL) or eligibility for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The cultural resources inventory was conducted by archeologists Thomas Chapman and Anne Gibson on 19 through 21 June 2017, under Texas Antiquities Permit No. 8041. The Area of Potential Effects will encompass approximately 83.57 acres. The proposed project will span the 3.25-mile stretch between Pflugerville Parkway and City of Pflugerville Central Wastewater Treatment Plant at 15500 Sun Light Near Way. Although one historical-period site and one multi-component site (41TV2542 and 41TV2543, respectively) were documented during the field survey and the sites were considered ineligible for listing on the NRHP or as a SAL. All records will be temporarily curated at the IES McKinney office and permanently curated at the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory (TARL). No further work is warranted. However, if any cultural resources, other than those documented within this report, are unearthed during construction, the operators should stop construction activities, and immediately contact the project environmental representative to initiate coordination with the THC prior to resuming any construction activities.

Horizon Environmental Services, Inc. (Horizon) was selected by Schrickel, Rollins and Associates, Inc. (SRA) on behalf of the City of Pflugerville to conduct an intensive cultural resources inventory and assessment of an approximately 130.7-hectare (323.0-acre) tract in Pflugerville, Travis County, Texas. This tract represents the proposed location of the City of Pflugerville Community Park and Athletic Complex, and it is located off the northeast side of Cameron Road approximately 1.9 miles (3.1 kilometers) southeast of its intersection with State Highway (SH) 130. For purposes of the cultural resources investigations, the project area was considered to consist of the entire 130.7-hectare (323.0-acre) tract. The proposed undertaking is being sponsored by the City of Pflugerville, which represents a political subdivision of the state of Texas, on land owned by the City of Pflugerville; as such, the project falls under the jurisdiction of the Antiquities Code of Texas (Texas Natural Resources Code of 1977, Title 9, Chapter 191). No federal jurisdiction has been identified for the project at this time; however, the cultural resources investigations conducted within the project area would be suitable for review under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966 in the event that any federal jurisdiction is identified in the future. As the project represents a publicly sponsored undertaking with the potential to impact significant cultural resources, the City of Pflugerville was required to provide for a cultural resources inventory of the project area. From April 5 to 6, 2016, Horizon archeologists Russell K. Brownlow, Jeffrey D. Owens, and Briana N. Smith, under the overall direction of Jeffrey D. Owens, Principal Investigator, performed an intensive cultural resources survey of the southern 98.3 hectares (243.0 acres) of the project area, which represented the portion of the larger project area to which the City of Pflugerville was able to provide access at that time. From July 20 to 22, Horizon archeologists Briana N. Smith and Jared Wiersema conducted an intensive cultural resources survey of the northern 32.4 hectares (80.0 acres) of the project area, which became accessible subsequent to completion of the initial fieldwork in April 2016. Horizon's archeologists traversed the project area in parallel, linear transects spaced no more than 30.5 meters (100.0 feet) apart and thoroughly inspected the modern ground surface for aboriginal and historic-age cultural resources. The majority of the project area consists of a mix of cattle pastures and active agricultural fields that had been plowed but not yet planted for the season. Moderately densely wooded areas are present along the banks and terraces of Wilbarger Creek and one of its tributaries, which meander through the northern portion of the project area. Visibility of the modern ground surface was excellent in the agricultural fields (100%), though ground surface visibility in pastures and forested areas was obscured by vegetation (<30%). In addition to pedestrian walkover, the Texas State Minimum Archeological Survey Standards (TSMASS) require the excavation of one shovel test per three acres for project areas measuring more than 80.9 hectares (200.0 acres) in size; thus, a minimum of 108 shovel tests were required within the 130.7-hectare (323.0-acre) project area to meet the TSMASS. Horizon excavated a total of 202 shovel tests during the survey, thereby exceeding the TSMASS for a project area of this size. The cultural resources survey was conducted under Texas Antiquities Permit No. 7608. Five newly recorded archeological sites—41TV2518, 41TV2519, 41TV2520, 41TV2521, and 41TV2522—were documented within the project area during the survey, and one previously recorded archeological site—41TV2453—was reinvestigated and its boundaries were expanded. In addition, one cemetery—the Pfluger Cemetery (TV-C077)—was investigated during the survey. While prehistoric cultural components are present on two of the sites (41TV2453 and 41TV2520), the majority of the cultural resources documented during the survey are associated with mid-19th- to mid-20th-century farmsteads related to two of the founding German immigrant families of the area—the Pflugers and the Bohls. The City of Pflugerville intends not to disturb the Pfluger Cemetery during the proposed development and use of the property and to maintain a surrounding construction buffer of at least 7.6 meters (25.0 feet). Based on the results of the survey-level investigations documented in this report, no potentially significant cultural resources would be affected by the proposed undertaking. In accordance with 36 CFR 800.4, Horizon has made a reasonable and good-faith effort to identify historic properties within the project area. No cultural resources were identified within the project area that meet the criteria for designation as State Antiquities Landmarks (SAL) according to 13 TAC 26, and no further archeological work is recommended in connection with the proposed undertaking. However, human burials, both prehistoric and historic, are protected under the Texas Health and Safety Code. In the event that any human remains or burial objects are inadvertently discovered at any point during construction, use, or ongoing maintenance in the project area, even in previously surveyed areas, all work should cease immediately in the vicinity of the inadvertent discovery, and the Texas Historical Commission (THC) should be notified immediately. With further research to determine the integrity, the project area potentially could be considered part of a rural historic landscape. A rural historic landscape is defined by the National Park Service (NPS) as a geographical area that has historically been shaped or modified by human activity, occupancy, or intervention, and that possesses a significant concentration, linkage, or continuity of areas of land use, vegetation, buildings and structures, roads, waterways, and natural features. This level of evaluation would require a survey extending far beyond the physical boundaries of the current project area (and also including the project area), including intensive archival research to document the integrity of the landscape, historic and current land uses, topography, circulation patterns, vegetation, and archeology. The project area has historically functioned and currently functions as an agricultural property (though the dwellings on the property have been abandoned for decades), a gravel driveway and farm roads connect some of the recorded historic-age resources, the cemetery associated with the early settlers of the property is located within the project area, and neighboring parcels may have been part of the Pfluger family's holdings at one time. For example, the farm complex located across Cameron Road from the project area was determined to be eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) based on a historical resources survey of northeastern Travis County prepared by Hicks & Company for the Travis County Historical Commission in 2010 entitled Historic Resource Survey of Northeast Travis County, Texas (Bound by SH 130, US 290 North, and East County Lines). The Hicks & Company report identified the Pfluger family farm within the current project area as a possible contributing element of a rural historic landscape requiring further research to document and assess its level of integrity. The project area therefore potentially could be considered part of a larger landscape that possesses historical significance. The Agricultural Theme Study for Central Texas, prepared by the Texas Department of Transportation's (TxDOT) Historical Studies Branch of the Environmental Affairs Division, along with the National Park Service's Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Rural Historic Landscapes, Bulletin No. 30, would provide useful guidance on evaluating the property and surrounding parcels as a historic landscape. However, evaluating the eligibility of the project area as a component of a potential rural historic landscape is outside the scope of the current project, and this level of evaluation does not fall within the jurisdiction of the Antiquities Code of Texas. It should be noted that, while the standing National Folk house on site 41TV2453, designated as Resource 2, is herein recommended as ineligible for designation as an SAL and for inclusion in the NRHP, the City of Pflugerville has elected to proactively pursue a limited mitigative strategy regarding this structure. At the City of Pflugerville's request, Horizon conducted a detailed documentation effort for this house. This process included collecting detailed measurements of the exterior and interior of the house that were used to produce measured drawings of exterior elevations and floor plans; taking numerous photographs of the building and keying the photographs to the measured drawings; and producing a detailed report noting the construction materials, architectural features, building description, and historical context. The architectural renderings and building documentation can be submitted to the THC as a courtesy under separate cover when the final draft of this report is submitted.

Horizon Environmental Services, Inc. (Horizon) was selected by Malone/Wheeler, Inc. on behalf of the Lake Travis Independent School District (LTISD) to conduct an intensive cultural resources inventory and assessment for the proposed construction of an approximately 0.4-hectare (1.0-acre) storm water detention pond. The proposed storm water detention pond would be located off the northwestern side of Hamilton Pool Road (a.k.a. Farm-to-Market Road [FM] 3238) near its intersection with the future right-of-way (ROW) of Vail Divide in western Bee Cave, Travis County, Texas. For purposes of the cultural resources survey, the project area is considered to consist of the entire 0.4-hectare (1.0-acre) storm water detention pond footprint. The proposed undertaking is being sponsored by LTISD, a political subdivision of the state of Texas; as such, the project falls under the jurisdiction of the Antiquities Code of Texas. At this time, no federal permits, funding, or licenses have been identified for the project. As the project represents a publicly sponsored undertaking with the potential to impact potentially significant cultural resources, the project sponsor was required to perform a cultural resources inventory and assessment of the project area. On June 24, 2020, Horizon archeological technician Jacob Lyons, under the overall direction of Jeffrey D. Owens, Principal Investigator, performed an intensive cultural resources survey of the project area to locate any cultural resources that potentially would be impacted by the proposed undertaking. The survey was conducted under Texas Antiquities Permit No. 9492. Horizon's archeologist traversed the 0.4-hectare (1.0-acre) project area and thoroughly inspected the modern ground surface for aboriginal and historic-age cultural resources. The project area is situated on a limestone upland overlooking an unnamed tributary of Hickson Hollow. The project area has been heavily disturbed from prior construction, use, and maintenance of a gravel parking lot, a circular animal pen, several cinder block walls, and a well associated with a business (Bee Cave Acupuncture) that was formerly housed in a residential-style structure just northwest of the project area. Vegetation consisted of live oak, Ashe juniper, acacia, Roosevelt weed, prickly pear cactus, planted ornamental bamboo, and medium-high grasses. Visibility of the modern ground surface ranged from poor to good (30 to 60%) depending on the density of vegetative ground cover. Limestone gravels associated with a former parking lot that occupied most of the project area from the early 2000s until 2010, when the nearby structure that housed the Bee Cave Acupuncture business was abandoned, cover much of the project area. Exposures of limestone bedrock and gravels are present on the modern ground surface in the eastern corner of the project area, which was less disturbed by construction associated with the acupuncture business. In addition to pedestrian walkover, the Texas State Minimum Archeological Survey Standards (TSMASS) call for excavation of a minimum of two shovel tests per 0.4 hectare (1.0 acre) for projects measuring 10.1 hectares (25.0 acres) or less in size plus one additional shovel test per 2.0 hectares (5.0 acres) above 10.1 hectares (25.0 acres). As such, a minimum of two shovel tests would be required within the current 0.4-hectare (1.0-acre) project area. Horizon excavated a total of seven shovel tests during the survey, thereby exceeding the TSMASS requirements for a project area of this size. The pedestrian survey and shovel testing revealed heavily disturbed sediments containing abundant gravels from the former parking lot. Native sediments underlying the parking lot gravels and in less disturbed portions of the project area consist of shallow deposits of gravelly dark brown to pale yellowish-brown marly clay loam overlying either pale gray marly sandy clay or limestone bedrock at depths ranging from 5.0 to 35.0 centimeters (1.9 to 13.8 inches) below surface. It is Horizon's opinion that shovel testing was capable of fully penetrating sediments with the potential to contain archeological deposits. No cultural resources of prehistoric or historic age were observed on the modern ground surface or within any of the shovel tests excavated within the project area. Prior to the mid-1990s, the project area was characterized by an undeveloped, lightly wooded scrubland setting. Between 1995 and 2002, a large house was constructed just outside the northwestern corner of the project area. It is unknown if this this house initially served as a residence, but by the early 2000s the structure was utilized as a commercial storefront for Bee Cave Acupuncture. At that time, the project area itself was devegetated and graded, and a circular cattle pen, various linear cinder block wall features, a water pump and network of polyvinyl chloride water pipes, and gravel driveways were added. In addition, a stock pond was created to the east of the project area in the eastern corner of the overall parcel. Between 2003 and 2005, the gravel driveways were expanded into a large gravel parking lot that covered most of the project area. The Bee Cave Acupuncture business moved to its current location on Bee Cave Parkway just north of the intersection of State Highway (SH) 71 in 2010, and the original structure has remained unoccupied ever since. All of the cultural features observed within the project area are modern. Based on the results of the survey-level investigations documented in this report, no potentially significant cultural resources would be affected by the proposed undertaking. In accordance with 36 CFR 800.4, Horizon has made a reasonable and good-faith effort to identify historic properties within the project area. No cultural resources were identified that meet the criteria for listing on the NRHP according to 36 CFR 60.4 or for designation as SALs according to 13 TAC 26. Horizon recommends a finding of "no historic properties affected," and no further archeological work is recommended in connection with the proposed undertaking. However, human burials, both prehistoric and historic, are protected under the Texas Health and Safety Code. In the event that any human remains or burial objects are inadvertently discovered at any point during construction, use, or ongoing maintenance in the project area, even in previously surveyed areas, all work should cease immediately in the vicinity of the inadvertent discovery, and the Texas Historical Commission (THC) should be notified immediately. Following completion of the project, project records will be prepared for permanent curation at the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory (TARL).

Horizon Environmental Services, Inc. (Horizon) was selected by Pflugerville Independent School District (ISD) to conduct an intensive cultural resources inventory and assessment of the proposed location of Pflugerville ISD's High School No. 4 Project. The proposed High School No. 4 tract consists of an approximately 65.3-hectare (161.4-acre) tract located off the southeast side of Weiss Lane between Jesse Bohls Drive to the northeast and Pflugerville Road to the southwest in eastern Pflugerville, Travis County, Texas. The project area would consist of the entire 65.3-hectare (161.4-acre) tract. The proposed undertaking is being sponsored by Pflugerville ISD, which represents a political subdivision of the state of Texas, on land owned by Pflugerville ISD; as such, the project falls under the jurisdiction of the Antiquities Code of Texas (Texas Natural Resources Code of 1977, Title 9, Chapter 191). No federal jurisdiction has been identified for the project at this time. As the project represents a publicly sponsored undertaking with the potential to impact significant cultural resources, Pflugerville ISD was required to provide for a cultural resources inventory of the project area. On March 6, 2015, Horizon archeological technicians Briana Nicole Smith and Jared Wiersema, under the overall direction of Jeffrey D. Owens, Principal Investigator, performed an intensive cultural resources survey of the project area to locate any cultural resources that potentially would be impacted by the proposed undertaking. Horizon's archeologists traversed the 65.3-hectare (161.4-acre) tract in parallel, linear transects spaced no more than 30.5 meters (100.0 feet) apart and thoroughly inspected the modern ground surface for aboriginal and historicage cultural resources. The project area consists of an active agricultural field that had most recently been planted in corn, though crops had not yet been planted for the coming growing season at the time of Horizon's survey. The project area was largely free of vegetation aside from a small copse of hackberry and elm trees, saplings, and overgrown vines and grasses in the southeastern corner, and visibility of the modern ground surface was characteristically excellent (100%). The cultural resources survey was conducted under Texas Antiquities Permit No. 7206. In addition to pedestrian walkover, the Texas State Minimum Archeological Survey Standards (TSMASS) require the excavation of 1 shovel test per 3 acres for project areas measuring between 100 and 200 acres in size; thus, a minimum of 54 shovel tests were required within the 65.3-hectare (161.4-acre) project area to meet the TSMASS. Horizon excavated a total of 63 shovel tests during the survey, thereby exceeding the TSMASS for a project area of this size. One newly recorded archeological site, 41TV2478, was recorded during the survey. The site consists of a small, abandoned, late 19th- to mid-20th-century, 2-room farmhouse situated in a small copse of trees in the southeastern corner of the project area. A low-density scatter of domestic debris, including glass shards (clear, opaque, dark brown, and amethyst), whiteware ceramic sherds, a marble, 2 metal doorknobs, and metal scrap, surrounds the immediate vicinity of the farmhouse. The surrounding area consists of an active agricultural field. Based on the small size of the farmhouse and lack of associated structures or features, this structure likely represents the remnants of a tenant farmhouse situated on a larger farm. An inhabited farm complex, consisting of a large farmhouse with numerous outbuildings, is located outside the project area approximately 190.0 meters (623.2 feet) northwest of the structure and may represent the main farmstead. Due to the dilapidated condition of the structure and the lack of integrity of the sparse, surficial artifact scatter, site 41TV2478 possesses minimal research value and is recommended as ineligible for designation as a State Antiquities Landmark (SAL). Additional archival research would be necessary to determine if the occupants of the site were of historical significance or if the farmstead was part of larger historical events. However, as late 19th- to 20th-century farmsteads represent a common site type in Central Texas, they typically must retain substantial integrity of feeling, association, and setting in order to meet the criteria of significance for designation as SALs. Based on the minimal integrity of site 41TV2478, it is unlikely that the results of any additional archival research would be sufficient to elevate the significance of the site enough to warrant designation as an SAL. Based on the results of the survey-level investigations documented in this report, no potentially significant cultural resources would be affected by the proposed undertaking. In accordance with 36 CFR 800.4, Horizon has made a reasonable and good-faith effort to identify historic properties within the project area. No cultural resources were identified within the project area that meet the criteria for designation as SALs according to 13 TAC 26, and no further archeological work is recommended in connection with the proposed undertaking. However, human burials, both prehistoric and historic, are protected under the Texas Health and Safety Code. In the event that any human remains or burial objects are inadvertently discovered at any point during construction, use, or ongoing maintenance in the project area, even in previously surveyed areas, all work should cease immediately in the vicinity of the inadvertent discovery, and the Texas Historical Commission (THC) should be notified immediately.