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Working paper
TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS IN KAZAKHSTAN
Obviously, transnational corporations (TNCs) with over 50 percent of world industrial production, over 60 percent of international trade, and nearly 90 percent of foreign direct investments under their control exert considerable influence on the world economy. They have essentially all trade in raw materials under their thumb; Kazakhstan, a country rich in mineral wealth, is also within their range of influence. As an independent state, the republic was not only one of the first in the post-Soviet expanse to attract foreign capital by transferring large enterprises of basic industrial branches to trust management, which allowed subsequent privatization and the setting up of new facilities with 100 percent foreign money, but also relied on intensive mining and extraction as its economic cornerstone. In 1994-1997, the TNCs began their active invasion of Kazakhstan's economy: after supporting "director" or "bureaucratic" privatization, the government placed its stakes on large foreign investments for obvious reasons. Involvement of large TNCs not only placed the country on the economic map of the world and guaranteed a flow of investments, but also ensured domestic stability (due to interest in protecting property rights). This explains the unprecedentedly wide-scale (as compared to other countries with "transition" economies) involvement of large TNCs in the republic's economy. The government expected that foreign corporations' involvement in the local economy through shares and long-term contracts on oil and gas production would contribute to the country's economic upsurge. It was expected that "the new private owners would not only invest in production, but also introduce new marketing and management skills and, especially, new ideas typical of the market economy."
BASE
Transnational corporations in Kazakhstan
In: Central Asia and the Caucasus: journal of social and political studies, Heft 4/40, S. 55-61
ISSN: 1404-6091
World Affairs Online
Investment and Transnational Corporations
In: Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies
"Investment and Transnational Corporations" published on by Oxford University Press.
The Transnational Corporation
In: Business history, Band 36, Heft 2, S. 83-89
ISSN: 1743-7938
The Transnational Corporations
In: Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science, Band 32, Heft 4, S. 120
Consumers and transnational corporations
In: Working paper. Transnational corporations research project 11
Transnational corporations in international tourism
In: United Nations publications
Chartering Sustainable Transnational Corporations
In: Susan Lea Smith, Chartering Sustainable Transnational Corporations, in Le Bouthillier,Cohen, Gonzalez Marquez, Mumma, and Smith, Poverty Alleviation and Environmental Law (The IUCN Academy of Environmental Law series), Edward Elgar Publishing (2012).
SSRN
Working paper
Consumers, transnational corporations anad development
In: Transnational Corporations in Southeast Asia and the Pacific, 8
Darstellung der wichtigsten internationale Unternehmungen und ihrer Macht über die Verbraucher. Beschreibung der Verbraucherorganisationen in Südostasien und ihrer - laut Autor - erfolgreichen Aufklärungs- und Abwehrpolitik gegenüber den transnationalen Unternehmungen. (DÜI-Mül)
World Affairs Online
Transnational corporations and world development
In: United Nations Library on transnational corporations