Suchergebnisse

Altres ajuts: JM-P and NI-U are supported by the Spanish Secretariat of State of Research, Development and Innovation through grant SAF2016-80033-R. MG is supported by a Marie Curie Career Integration Grant (CIG) from the European Commission and by the Pla estratègic de recerca i innovació en salut (PERIS), from the Catalan government. ; Antigen presenting cells from the cervical mucosa are thought to amplify incoming HIV-1 and spread infection systemically without being productively infected. Yet, the molecular mechanism at the cervical mucosa underlying this viral transmission pathway remains unknown. Here we identified a subset of HLA-DR+ CD14+ CD11c+ cervical DCs at the lamina propria of the ectocervix and the endocervix that expressed the type-I interferon inducible lectin Siglec-1 (CD169), which promoted viral uptake. In the cervical biopsy of a viremic HIV-1+ patient, Siglec-1+ cells harbored HIV-1-containing compartments, demonstrating that in vivo, these cells trap viruses. Ex vivo, a type-I interferon antiviral environment enhanced viral capture and trans-infection via Siglec-1. Nonetheless, HIV-1 transfer via cervical DCs was effectively prevented with antibodies against Siglec-1. Our findings contribute to decipher how cervical DCs may boost HIV-1 replication and promote systemic viral spread from the cervical mucosa, and highlight the importance of including inhibitors against Siglec-1 in microbicidal strategies.

[EN] Artificial microRNAs (amiRNAs) and synthetic trans-acting small interfering RNAs (syn-tasiRNAs) are two classes of artificial small RNAs (sRNAs) engineered to silence endogenous transcripts as well as viral RNAs in plants. Here, we explore the possibility of using amiRNAs and syn-tasiRNAs to specifically interfere with infections by viroids, small (250–400-nucleotide) non-coding circular RNAs with compact secondary structure infecting a wide range of plant species. The combined use of recent highthroughput methods for artificial sRNA construct generation and the Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd)–Nicotiana benthamiana pathosystem allowed for the simple and time-effective screening of multiple artificial sRNAs targeting sites distributed along PSTVd RNAs of (1) or (–) polarity. The majority of amiRNAs were highly active in agroinfiltrated leaves when co-expressed with an infectious PSTVd transcript, as were syn-tasiRNAs derived from a construct including the five most effective amiRNA sequences. A comparative analysis showed that the effects of the most effective amiRNA and of the syn-tasiRNAs were similar in agroinfiltrated leaves, as well as in upper non-agroinfiltrated leaves in which PSTVd accumulation was significantly delayed. These results suggest that amiRNAs and syntasiRNAs can be used effectively to control viroid infections in plants. ; We thank Veronica Aragones, Teresa Cordero, Arnau Puigvert and Cristina Beceiro for invaluable technical assistance. This study was supported by grants BIO2014-54269-R and AGL2013-49919-EXP from the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO, Spain). Alberto Carbonell was supported by an Individual Fellowship from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska Curie grant agreement No. 655841. ; Carbonell Olivares, A.; Daros Arnau, JA. (2016). Artificial microRNAs and synthetic trans-acting small interfering RNAs interfere with viroid infection. Molecular Plant Pathology. 18(5):746-753. ...

AbstractIntroductionTransgender (trans) men in sub‐Saharan Africa are a hidden and vulnerable population who may engage in sex work due to socio‐economic exclusion and lack of alternative employment opportunities. Little is known about HIV and sexually transmitted infection (STI) risk among trans men in this setting. We conducted a multi‐method study to characterize HIV/STI risk among trans men in Uganda.MethodsBetween January and October 2020, we enrolled 50 trans men into a cross‐sectional study through snowball sampling. Data were collected on socio‐demographic characteristics, sexual practices and depression. We conducted 20 qualitative interviews to explore: (1) descriptions of sexual practices that could increase HIV/STI exposure; (2) experiences of accessing public healthcare facilities; (3) perceptions of HIV or STI testing; (4) HIV and STI service delivery; and (5) drug and alcohol use. We used an inductive content analytic approach centring on descriptive category development to analyse the data.ResultsThe median age was 25 years (interquartile range 23–28). The prevalence of HIV, syphilis and hepatitis B was 4%, 6% and 8%, respectively. We observed multiple levels of intersecting individual, interpersonal and structural stigmas. (1) Trans men reported transphobic rape motivated by interpersonal stigma that was psychologically traumatizing to the survivor. The resultant stigma and shame hindered healthcare access. (2) Structural stigma and economic vulnerability led to sex work, which increased the risk of HIV and other STIs. Sex work stigma further compounded vulnerability. (3) Individualized stigma led to fear of disclosure of gender identity and HIV status. Concealment was used as a form of stigma management. (4) Multiple levels of stigma hampered access to healthcare services. Preference for trans‐friendly care was motivated by stigma avoidance in public facilities. Overall, the lived experiences of trans men highlight the intertwined relationship between stigma and sexual health.ConclusionsIn this sample from Uganda, trans men experienced stigma at multiple levels, highlighting the need for gender‐sensitive healthcare delivery. Stigma reduction interventions, including provider training, non‐discrimination policies, support groups and stigma counselling, could strengthen uptake and utilization of prevention services by this marginalized population.

There has been an increasing interest and emphasis on the sessile bacterial lifestyle biofilms since it was discovered that the vast majority of the total microbial biomass exists as biofilms. Leeuwenhoek first described the aggregation of bacteria in 1677, but it was only recently recognized as being important in chronic infection. In 1993, the American Society for Microbiology (ASM) recognized that the biofilm mode of growth was relevant to microbiology. This book covers both the evidence for biofilms in many chronic bacterial infections as well as the problems facing these infections such as diagnostics, pathogenesis, treatment regimes, and in vitro and in vivo models for studying biofilms. This is the first scientific book on biofilm infections, with chapters written by world- renowned scientists and clinicians. The intended audience of this book includes scientists, teachers at the university level, as well as clinicians. About the Editors: Thomas Bjarnsholt, Ph. D., Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark Peter Oestrup Jensen, Dept. of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark Claus Moser, Ph. D., Dept. of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark Niels Hoeby, Dept. of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.

AbstractThis reflection examines the potential and pitfalls of "trans" as a keyword for feminist anthropology. Drawing on the experiences of one Black trans woman advocate in particular, the author argues for trans as a scalar project, with both potential and pitfalls. The author argues that trans as a scalar project in feminist anthropology pushes the field to recognize the limits, excess, and continuities between, across, and through different gender and sexual categories.

Preliminary Material /Beate Söntgen and Geraldine Spiekermann -- Vorwort /Beate Söntgen and Geraldine Spiekermann -- Tränen /Beate Söntgen and Geraldine Spiekermann -- »Tränen zum Leben, Tränen zum Tode« /Barbara Vinken -- Spuren der Bildwerdung /David Ganz -- Die ›Gabe der Tränen‹ in der religiösen Kultur der frühen Neuzeit /Joseph Imorde -- Tränen vor Gericht /Manfred Schneider -- Dakryologia: Physiologie und Pathologie der Tränen aus medizinhistorischer Sicht /Irmgard Müller -- Schauplätze des Weinens /Beate Söntgen -- Lust-Tränen /Jörn Steigerwald -- Das Zerfließen des Bildes /Bettina Brandl-Risi -- Stille. Stillend /Peter Risthaus -- Tränen und Leben /Jörg Wiesel -- Das Leib-Seele-Verhältnis beim Lachen und Weinen: Philosophische Anthropologie aus ästhetischer Sicht /Christiane Voss -- Weinen können /Stefanie Diekmann -- Zuschauergefühl /Hermann Kappelhoff -- Weinende Helden /Michael Ott -- »Weinkrampf« – Tränen im gespaltenen Selbstbildnis von Arnulf Rainer /Gerald Schröder -- Das Polaroid als Reliquie /Geraldine Spiekermann -- Unendliche Schleifen: A Portrait of the Artist as a weeping Narcissus von Olaf Nicolai /Jutta Voorhoeve -- Fluid(um) /Petra Löffler -- Das Bild als Klage /Georges Didi-Huberman -- Namenregister /Beate Söntgen and Geraldine Spiekermann -- Autorinnen und Autoren /Beate Söntgen and Geraldine Spiekermann.

ZusammenfassungIn den 52 Jahren seiner Beschäftigung mit Trans* hat der Autor eine "Verflüchtigung des Körpers" im fachlichen Diskurs über Trans* beobachtet. Hinweise darauf sind im Bereich der Diagnostik feststellbar, die von der somatisch orientierten Diagnose "Transsexualismus" (ICD-10) zu den stärker die psychische Dimension thematisierenden Diagnosen "Geschlechtsdysphorie" (DSM-5) und "Geschlechtsinkongruenz" (ICD-11) gewechselt hat. Auch der Begriff "Transidentität" fokussiert mehr auf die psychische Dimension. Diese "Verflüchtigung des Körpers" stellt auf der einen Seite einen Gewinn dar, da dadurch der Blick auf ein breiteres Feld von Themen, die für trans* Personen sehr wichtig sind, geöffnet worden ist: ihr Leben in einer cis-heteronormativen Mehrheitsgesellschaft und die hier vielfach herrschende Trans*feindlichkeit, die Notwendigkeit, sich mit den Geschlechterrollen auseinanderzusetzen, die spezifische Entwicklung von trans* Personen zu beachten und die Entpathologisierung der Transidentität voranzubringen. Auf der anderen Seite hat die "Verflüchtigung des Körpers" im Trans*diskurs aber auch zu Verlusten geführt: die Auseinandersetzung mit der Körperlichkeit ist weniger intensiv geführt worden, obwohl sie im Rahmen der körperlichen Transition von großer Bedeutung ist. Geht es doch in diesem Prozess um das Neu-Entdecken des Körpers und der körperlich gelebten Sexualität. Dieser Aspekt ist mit der "Verflüchtigung des Körpers" im Trans*diskurs weitgehend vernachlässigt worden. Aus diesem Grund ist es wichtig, das Begleitangebot für trans* Personen um die Dimension der Körperlichkeit zu erweitern

part 1. Basic biology of bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites; host-pathogen relationships -- part 2. Microbiology/virology laboratory practice -- part 3. Health and safety -- part 4. Principles of public health in relation to communicable diseases -- part 5. Infection prevention and control -- part 6. Important clinical syndromes -- part 7. Understanding use of antimicrobial agents -- part 8. Vaccination -- part 9. The management of HIV infection -- part 10. Travel and geographic health.