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In implementing of the norms provided for by the section 260, article 2 of the of the Republic of Latvia Criminal Law into practice (for breaking of traffic provisions or provisions regarding vehicle operation, if it has been committed by a person operating a vehicle and as a result thereof serious bodily injury has been caused to the victim or death of a person has been caused thereby, the applicable punishment is deprivation of liberty for a period up to eight years, with deprivation of the driver's licence for a period up to five years), the legislator has not taken into account that this violation may be committed by a minor. It results from the analysis of the provisions of Section 260, article 2, section 7, article 3, and section 65, article 2 stems that section 260, article 2 is a less serious crime, for which a minor is not punishable with deprivation of liberty – the sole main punishment intended by the sanction of the provision in question. Therefore, the appropriate punishment for the committing of such a crime resulting in a death of a person and/or serious bodily injury that threatens the life of a person cannot be applied to a juvenile person. With respect to the specifics of criminal liability of juvenile persons for the violation of section 260, article 2 as it is laid down by the Criminal Law the basic punishment – imprisonment for a period exceeding eight years – is not applicable to juvenile persons. Only the additional punishment of deprivation of the driver's licence for a period of up to five years, which is disproportionate to the harm caused. In order to enable the application of the basic punishment for the committing of the crime as set out by section 260, article 2 of the Criminal Law ( legal effects: death of a person and/or serious bodily injury), it is necessary to amend the sanction of section 260, , article 2 to the imprisonment for a period exceeding eight years. Subsequently, such an amendment would re-classify the crime as a severe crime committed through negligence and for the committing which the basic punishment – imprisonment would be applicable, as it was most likely intended by the legislator.

It is indicated that there was no universal traffic rules for the entire Soviet Union in 1920s, they were worked out at the local level. The rules contained requirements for drivers: existence of the driving licenses and road sheet; requirements for the registration signs; requirements for the cars and their registration; the rules of exploitation of certain types of cars were described. They contained traffic speed limits in the city, including at night time, records of vehicles and inspectors' work. The responsibility for the compliance with the rules was put on inspection of transport department of the relevant local council. The traffic was regulated in order to create the conditions for traffic safety, longstanding jams were neutralized, high transport capacity of streets and convenience of highway service were guaranteed, technical transport speed was increased and its use was improved. From 1921 militia officers were offered to learn not only political literacy, arithmetic and Russian language, but mandatory traffic regulation. As the number of automobile transport was increased it was militia, which was responsible for traffic regulation. ; Розглянуто основні аспекти становлення системи організації регулювання дорожнього руху в добу непу в Україні, показано роль міліції у цьому процесі.

The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013) / ERC Grant Agreement n. 321132, project TRAMAN21. ; Summarization: The objective of this paper is the regulation of freeway traffic by means of optimal control techniques. A first innovative aspect of the proposed approach is the adopted objective function in which, besides the reduction of traffic congestion (which is typically considered in traffic control schemes), the minimization of traffic emissions is also included. Moreover, a multi-class framework is defined in which two classes of vehicles (cars and trucks) are explicitly modelled, and specific control actions for each vehicle class are sought. This results in the formulation of a multi-objective optimal control problem which is described in the paper and for which a specific solution algorithm is developed and used. The algorithm exploits a specific version of the feasible direction algorithm whose effectiveness is demonstrated in the paper by means of simulation results. ; Presented on: Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies

The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013) / ERC Grant Agreement n. 321132, project TRAMAN21. ; Summarization: This paper proposes a freeway traffic controller with the objective of minimizing, at the same time, congestion phenomena and traffic emissions. A multi-class framework is considered in the paper, i.e two classes of vehicles (cars and trucks) are explicitly modelled and specific control actions for each vehicle class are computed. The controller is based on the formulation and solution of a constrained discretetime nonlinear optimal control problem for which a specific solution algorithm, the feasible direction algorithm, is used. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is shown and discussed in the paper by means of some simulation results. ; Παρουσιάστηκε στο: 14th Annual European Control Conference