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Scientific motivation to publish this book comes from the increased interest in the study of toxoplasmosis, showed all over the world. Though the Toxoplasma gondii infection was first discovered in 1908, toxoplasmosis remains a today's research topic, a realm of questions and dilemmas that interest both the veterinarians and the human doctors. Studies in the field are directed to the epidemiology of the disease, the sources of infection, epidemiological chains, being underlined the important feature in the transmission of this parasite: the ability to pass from one intermediate host to another intermediate host without passing through the final host - felids. An increased prevalence of toxoplasmosis in humans and animals, as well as the difficulty of coproscopic diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in cats, expensive serological examinations in both animals and humans, lack of diagnostic methods accessible to veterinarians in slaughterhouses, cultural and culinary differences of human patients, which can influence the prevalence of the disease, motivate the scientific and practical importance of the proposed book and reveal the importance of this topic for animal and human health. So, the proposed book will contain informations regarding the etiology and history of Toxoplasma gondii infection and also the parasite's morphology and biology. This work will contain a very detailed epidemiology of the toxoplasmosis from all over the world and for all species of animals. This chapter will include also personal findings of the authors about the Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in domestic animals from Romania. In the last part of the book we will present the main methods for toxoplasma diagnosis. At the end of the book we will synthesize the main routes for T. gondii infection and the recommendations for reducing toxoplasmosis seroprevalence.

Introduction: Toxoplasmosis is caused by infection with the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), an obligate intracellular parasite. T. gondii infects a large portion of the world's population, but uncommonly causes clinically significant disease. Those that are at greatest risk for more severe disease with toxoplasmosis are the immunologically impaired, fetuses, and newborns. T. gondii infection in immunocompetent patients can present as a self-limiting acute infection, or as an acute systemic disease. There are three main T. gondii genotypes, I, II, and III, with varying geographical prevalence. T. gondii is most commonly acquired via ingestion of infectious oocysts, from the environment, tissue cysts from contaminated food items, vertical transmission, or via organ transplantation from an infected donor. Diagnosis can be made via histological and serologic testing in suspected patients. Seropositive testing should be considered within the clinical context, as IgM antibodies may persist for months to years. IgG antibody avidity patterns further help delineate acute versus chronic infections. Histopathology from tissue biopsy of lymphadenopathy is more commonly pursued to establish diagnosis in immunocompetent patients. Case Report: We present a 37-year-old male who presented to the clinic with persistent bilateral non-tender occipital lymphadenopathy of two months duration. Patient also endorsed an acute fluid filled blister on the penis, recurrent cold sores, and significant fatigue. Review of systems were unremarkable. Patient's immunizations were up-to-date. Patient is an active military serviceman with history of overseas deployment. Patient reports consuming undercooked meat overseas, as well as game meat preparation while hunting. Similar symptoms were also reported by another fellow veteran. Laboratory studies revealed normal CBC, CMP, and TSH. HIV, gonorrhea, and chlamydia testing were negative. Urology referral found no abnormalities. Aspiration biopsy of the right occipital lymph node demonstrated granulomas and aggregates of histiocytes compatible with reactive hyperplasia. Findings were suggestive of toxoplasmosis and no malignancy was found. Follow up T. gondii serological testing results revealed Ab IgM: 104 AU/ML (reference range 0.0-7.9). Toxoplasma gondii Ab IgG: >400 AU/ML (reference range 0.0-7.1), which were consistent for active infection. Patient was referred to Infectious Disease and supportive therapy was recommended. A three month follow up showed improvement in symptoms. Discussion: Although acute infections with T. gondii in immunocompetent patients typically are self-limiting, more serious systemic infections may occur. A pyrimethamine-containing antibiotic regimen is recommended for treating systemic infections. We propose educating high-risk individuals with appropriate preventive measures, which may be beneficial in preventing Toxoplasmosis.

In this study, we aimed to investigate an outbreak of abortion in a herd of beef sheep on a property in Ivaiporã, north central Paraná, Brazil. A total of 64 blood samples were collected from the sheep, 33 of which were mothers with reports of abortion or stillbirth, and 7 with weak lamb birth. For epidemiological investigation of the parasite, fourteen samples were collected from different sources on the property, six from water, three from soil, one from trough, and four from feed. Indirect immunofluorescence (IFI) analysis and polymerase chain reaction were performed for detecting anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in the sheep and molecular identification of the protozoan in the environment, respectively. The IFI results showed that 95.3% of the sheep were seropositive for anti-T. gondii antibodies; however, the environmental samples tested negative. During the visit to the property and interview with the owner, free-roaming cats were observed on the property for biological control of rodents that had access to the food deposits. This type of management may have triggered the outbreak, which reinforces the importance of preventive management and veterinary medical monitoring on sheep farms.

Infection caused by the protozoan organism Toxoplasma gondii is a worldwide problem. We have shown that in Norway this infection is especially common in blind and partially sighted children. When a group of infected and another group of noninfected children were given WISC and WAIS verbal subtests, the infected group showed lower performance than the noninfected. Retesting after five years showed a progressive intellectual impairment in subjects with a congenital sight deficiency and infection with Toxoplasma gondii. The need for a closer follow-up in congenitally blind or partially sighted children is underlined.

Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii which can have serious consequences for the fetus in case of pergravidicseroconversion. The present work is analytical and descriptive complementary studies: prospective (1-09-2015 to 31-12-2015) and a retrospective study (01-01-2010 to 31-12-2014) performed in the service of Parasitology - Mycology Marrakesh.The seroprevalence of pregnant women immunized against toxoplasmosis in our study is 35%, including women from rural and illiterate are proven to be the most immune. The main risk factors for disease transmission are the lack of knowledge about toxoplasmosis, the modes of transmission and means of prevention, and the low level of hygiene. We also raised a blatant lack of regular serological monitoring in seronegative pregnant women who received only one serological test in 66%. The present study confirmed that more than half of pregnant women are not immunized against Toxoplasma gondii and deserve monthly monitoring for early detection of possible seroconversion and implement effective therapeutic management.

The influence of Toxoplasma gondii in the pathogenesis of hepatic disease has lately had considerable attention. The objective of this study is to assess the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in patients with chronic liver disease from Baghdad-Iraq. All patients have attended Gastroenterology and Hepatology Teaching Hospital, Medical city in Baghdad, Iraq An analytical case–control study was achieved from September to November 2018. Seventy male patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) and 70 control males (free of chronic liver diseases) participated in this study, their ages were between (18-80) years old. Serum samples were taken from all subjects and were analysed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the presence of anti-T.gondii IgG and IgM antibodies. The prevalence of anti-T.gondii IgG was significantly higher 62.85% in CLD patients compared with 27.28% in the control subjects. Anti-T. gondii IgM antibodies were also showed to be significantly higher in CLD patients compared with control subjects. A significant relation between age and the prevalence of T.gondii was reported in this study. Toxoplasmosis was largely reported among those aged (˃40) years old for both CLD patients and control subjects, while the other age groups showed less seroprevalence rates.
Sera samples for both CLD patients and control subjects were tested for different liver enzyme: aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). ALT was greater in CLD-Toxoplasma positive patients comparing to CLD-Toxoplasma negative patients. In addition to AST was higher in control-Toxoplasma positive subjects comparing to control-Toxoplasma negative subjects.
These findings show that Toxoplasmosis is high expected to be diagnosed with chronic liver disease patients. Consequently, attention would be focused on health education of peoples at high risk of toxoplasmosis.

This article aims to look at the dynamics of the toxoplasmosis epidemic with the effect of vaccination by increasing and decreasing the birth rate of infected with toxoplasmosis. The method used in this research is literature study and continued by using numerical simulation analysis. The research procedure used in this study is to simulate and analyze the parameters that affect the population. Some of the data used are secondary data on toxoplasmosis sufferers obtained from the Banda Aceh Health Office in 2018. From the numerical simulation results of the toxoplasmosis epidemic model with the vaccination effect, it was found that when the birth rate was infected with toxoplasmosis increased by at 5% then the number of individuals infected with toxoplasmosis, controlled individuals and the number of vaccinated individuals increases with the basic reproductive number Ro > 1. In this condition, there are no individuals who are susceptible to toxoplasmosis again so that vaccination for susceptible individuals can quickly overcome the spread of toxoplasmosis. Furthermore, the rate of births infected with toxoplasmosis decreases of 5% is obtained search population in the toxoplasmosis epidemic model has decreased with the basic reproduction number Ro <1. In this condition, the number of individuals in each population has decreased, resulting in the spread of toxoplasmosis disappeared from the population. So that this research can contribute to health science and the government in overcoming the toxoplasmosis epidemic.

Nelly N Kabedi,1 Jean-Claude Mwanza1,2 1Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; 2Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USACorrespondence: Nelly N KabediDepartment of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the CongoTel +243-971-183-249Email nelnkabedi@gmail.comAbstract: We report three cases of optic nerve toxoplasmosis, an unusual form of ocular toxoplasmosis. In one patient, the optic nerve involvement occurred in an eye with a toxoplasmic chorioretinal scar and choroidal neovascularization in the supramacular area, subretinal fibrosis, and pigment epithelium detachment. The other two patients had papilledema without healed or active chorioretinal lesions, but both had retinal hemorrhage and macular involvement. The diagnosis was based on clinical examination and elevated serum toxoplasma antibodies. Optical coherence tomography helped uncover the structural chorioretinal changes. All patients were treated with a combination of oral antitoxoplasmic drugs, oral prednisone, and intravitreal injection of bevacizumab. Visual acuity improved in all of them. Optic nerve involvement in ocular toxoplasmosis must be considered when papilledema occurs both in isolation and/or in the presence of an active or scarred chorioretinal lesion.Keywords: optic nerve toxoplasmosis, neuroretinitis, neovascularization, retinal hemorrhage