Suchergebnisse

Food safety varies from one country to another. The richest countries are implementing regulatory systems such as in Europe with the Regulation 178/2002 forcing food manufacturers to provide safe food to the public. Most developing countries cannot afford this type of expensive system despite an increased awareness of governments on food safety. Trade within developing countries is generally undemanding in food safety. These countries usually have no national regulations or it is poorly enforced because of lack of resources or political will. In some of the poorest countries, access to drinking water is extremely limited. There are three types of countries, those whose food safety status is not mastered, those where food safety status is mastered by the population (overheating food) and those whose food safety status is mastered by regulation. To all this are added the countries suffering war or climate. In safety terms, the main problem is the abundance of pathogenic microorganisms for the digestive system. Sanitary markers (E. coli) are often present in high quantities. More serious illnesses like cholera occasionally affect the poorest countries (Vibrio cholerae). Other hazards could affect people without food safety surveillance such as mycotoxins, carcinogenic molecules, difficult and expensive to analyze or antibiotic resistance. In addition, countries without regulation or performed analytical system are seen to confront of denial export, sometimes simply due to a break in the cold chain or a lack of traceability. In most developing countries, the expertise exists but is rarely used.

Section I.Historical perspective and epidemiology --Section II.Agents that can be used as weapons of mass destruction --Section III.Target Organ Toxicity --Section IV.Special Topics --Section V.Toxicokinetics, Toxicodynamics and Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetics --Section VI.Analytical methods, biosensors and biomarkers --Section VII.Risks to animals and wildlife --Section VIII.Prophylactic, therapeutic and countermeasures --Section IX.Decontamination and detoxification.

Chapitre 1 ; The use of agrochemicals in agriculture induces residues in food ingested by consumers. National and international Legislations have been established in order to protect users and the consumers as well as the environment. This is the legislator's contribution to quali,ty. We then consider what "quality" means ta consumers. In fact, consumers' wishes are often contradictory. As a result, it is difficult for farmers to choose appropriate cropping techniques. Finally, the notion of "quality" is considered as viewed by traders of fresh and processed products. Sales in this case may depend on a lino residue" label. Under the pretext of "quality", some countries tend to set up trade barriers or adopt protectionist Legislations. One such case is the affair ofprocymidone in wine samples in the USA. On the other hand, some European directives (DG Xl in Brussels) are unrealistic. For example, when a drinking water directive set very low maximum allowable concentrations without taking into account the specifie toxicity ofeach chemical, nobody thought to assess the consequences for agriculture. ; L'utilisation des pesticides entraîne la présence de résidus dans les produits alimentaires. On évoque la "qualité" que cherche à atteindre le législateur en protégeant l'applicateur, le consommateur et son environnement. On traite de la "qualité" telle que la conçoit le consommateur de plus en plus exigeant. On parle enfin de la "qualité" vue par le négociant en frais ou en produits transformés qui recherche un label à afficher sur ses articles. La possibilité de "barrière douanière" sous couvert de protection du consommateur apparaissant dans certains pays, et l'évolution des mentalités des technocrates de la Communauté Européenne sont évoquées.