A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Professional Doctorate in Youth Justice ; "Although they make up only 11 per cent of the population above the age of criminal responsibility (in England and Wales), in 2009, people in this age group were responsible for 17 per cent of all proven offending" (NAO, 2010:5). Sadly, 56 per cent of these young people are likely to re-offend within one year (NAO, 2010). These trends are not unique; they are common to many countries worldwide (e.g. De Gusti et al, 2009). Arguably then, current government strategies that aim to reduce recidivism including custodial sentences, are not working (Clarke, 2011). However, terms such as 'criminal offence' and the age criteria for criminal responsibility vary widely in their definitions between and within countries. Furthermore, reasons why young people re-offend emerge from complex and multi-dimensional needs and risk factors, which themselves vary over time. Attempts at correlations and comparisons are therefore inevitably contentious. Interventions perceived as most effective at reducing recidivism focus on multi-systemic approaches to changing behaviours (e.g. DfES, 2006). This research and its findings, contributes towards a better understanding of these multi-dimensional factors. This report presents outcomes from a mixed-methods, ethnographic, comparative research project in relation to a four-day intensive outdoor experiential education programme. For the purposes of this report, the programme is called 'Bee Inspired' and is specifically for young people defined as 'at risk' of offending or re-offending. Bee Inspired is unique because it involves the participants' immersion in learning the practical skills of beekeeping. The research was based in three countries: the Azores islands (Portuguese-governed), Prince Edward Island, Canada and England, United Kingdom. During the programme, the participants were observed closely and their behaviour, experiences and comments recorded. Additional data were collected through written questionnaires and focus group sessions during and at the completion of the programme. The outcomes are presented using a method of written 'vignettes'. This gives voices to the participants, whose perspectives, within research data, are often absent. This report provides evidence of their positive experiences of cognitive, social and emotional development during the Bee Inspired programme; these being intrinsically linked to the programme's objectives and the researcher's theoretical and ontological perspectives. The findings were triangulated; qualitative and quantitative data support previous educational research and produces some new insights. The research tracked the progress of the participants twelve and eighteen months after the completion of the Bee Inspired programme. Out of 45 participants, only three participants re-offended within eighteen months; well below average and expected norms as defined in similar research. In addition to the low re-offending rates, many participants continued their beekeeping practices which in itself may contribute to the perceived success of the programme. In conclusion, although small-scale and limited in terms of scope and generalizability, this research illuminates the experiences of young people 'at risk' involved in experiential education. The complex and multi-dimensional nature of these experiences relate to individuals' diverse needs. Further research into experiential education programmes is therefore required, in particular, investigations into why factors specific to beekeeping could provide a way of reducing recidivism amongst some young people at risk.
Transcript of last part of interview with Patrick Ryan about his experience in the Army during World War I. He discusses meeting European girls during the war, his trip back to the US after the war ended, the reception at home, life after the war, opinion on the League of Nations, President Wilson, and the differences between the two World Wars, religion during the war overseas, and his thoughts about the future of wars. ; WWI Transcriptions Date of Transcription: 4/27/18 Transcriber: John Pino (Interview Begins, mid-conversation with Ryan) Patrick Ryan (Interviewee): That cost you a couple of bucks huh? (referring to recording device) Timothy Tierney (Interviewer): Well this isn't my own this comes from uhhh, the school. Ryan: I used to miss (unintelligible) on purpose so they'd put me in the kitchen. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: So I could get a hold of all the chocolate. Tierney: (laughs) Ryan: All the chocolate and soap that I could get my hands on. Tierney: Yeah? Ryan: And I used to come out and another fella by the name of Jack Garby was with me, he was also from Springfield, I used to meet him down in Koblenz, and we'd go down after a retreat (Ryan is containing laughter), and we'd be walkin' along and a German fraulein (a term for a young, unmarried German woman) would come along the street. And we'd walk up to her and we'd hold that cake of soap up to nose and say to her in Dutch (Ryan probably means Deutsche) (Ryan proceeds to speak a phrase in German). Tierney: Uhh, what? I don't know what that means. Ryan (barely able to contain himself): Huh? Tierney: What does that mean? Ryan: "Would you take a walk with an American soldier for a stick of soap?" Tierney: (laughs) Oh yeah? Ryan: And (laughing) she'd follow you around like a drunk would follow a gin bottle! Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan (laughing): And boy did I find the face value of soap and chocolate in Germany! (Ryan laughs heartily) Tierney: (laughing) Yeah. Ryan: Oh Jesus, funny sights! Tierney: Yeah… Ryan: Yeah… Tierney: How about, did the American soldiers go out with European girls? Ryan: Sure! Sure. Tierney: Yeah? Ryan: Like I told ya see, we'd go into a German store, see somethin' in the case and we'd say (German phrase) "How much does that cost?" Tierney: Yeah. Ryan: Oh yes, I could talk enough Dutch to get almost anything. Tierney: How about in France, did American soldiers ever go out with French girls? Ryan: I think some of them did. Tierney: Yeah, there was a song, actually I guess there was a lot of songs during that time but one of them was- Ryan: "The Mademoiselle from Harley Duke Parley-voo?" Tierney: Yeah, one stanza said "you might forget the gas and shells but never forget the mademoiselles." Ryan: That's right! (Ryan laughs) Tierney: Yeah… How about songs, were there a lot of songs, I read there were a lot of them like "Over There" and what not. Ryan: Yeah. Tierney: Would you say there was a lot of enthusiasm for the war? I don't know if that's the right word "enthusiasm" but, were the people really unified in their effort behind the war? Ryan: Yes, they were. Tierney: Yeah? Ryan: Yup. We had… I'll tell ya, there was an experience there, that one I told ya this afternoon, I wouldn't trade for anything. Tierney: Oh yeah? You think you really learned a lot? Ryan: I went through hell. I went through hell in about 16, 18 months. Tierney: Yeah. Ryan: And I wouldn't trade it for anything. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: No, its memories. Tierney: Yeah? Ryan: I had a diary, I kept a diary during and after the war. Tierney: Hm? Ryan: But damned I couldn't find it, I don't know if my folks through it out after I got married or not! Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: See we've been married 52 years this year. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: So, they cleaned out after I got married, Christ, my old uniform. I went down cellar and there the thing was on top of the trash pile all rotted. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: I had a brother, he's still alive, he was in the navy. But he didn't throw his uniform away, but he threw mine! Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: Yup. Tierney: Ok, How about uhh, you said you occupied Germany for a while. You said you came home in what was it, July 1918? Ryan: August 1919. Tierney: August yeah? Ryan: I got discharged the 7th of August over here in Camp Devens. Tierney: Oh yeah? How about on the way out of Germany, how did you feel then, were you really glad to leave or.? Ryan: Mhm. Tierney: You guys were really anxious to get back home? Ryan: Oh yes, we were anxious to get home. Tierney: Yeah? Ryan: We come back through Belgium. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: Mhm. Tierney: Did you come through by train probably? Ryan: By boxcars! There was about 30, 40 soldiers in each boxcar. Tierney: Mhm. Ryan: The last guy that got into the car was the first one out. Tierney: Yeah? Ryan: Mhm. Tierney: Must have been pretty crowded. Ryan: Yes, crowded with their packs and everything else. We got into Brest, and we had to stay in Brest and extra week. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: Because some of the guys, were hollerin'. They see the marines on duty down there and they used to holler "who won the war?" And the guys would holler back "the YMCA with the help of the marines!" Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: So we had to stay there another week for that! Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: Mhm. Tierney: How about the marines, yeah, you were in the regular army right? Ryan: Yeah. Tierney: Did you have any contact with the marines? Ryan: No the only marines I seen were the MP's (military police). Tierney: Oh yeah? Military police? How about the military police- Ryan: But they say the marines were at Chateau-Thierry. Tierney: Yeah? Ryan: But there's as many 4th division graves in Chateau-Thierry as there is marines! Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: Yeah. Tierney: You'd say the army played a bigger part? Ryan: Yeah. Tierney: Was there any woman troops at all? Ryan: None that I've seen, I didn't see any. Tierney: There must have been like nurses though right? Ryan: There might have been nurses but we didn't see any women soldiers. Tierney: How about like in the YMCA and the Knights of Columbus, were there women there? Ryan: There was women there yes. Tierney: A lot of volunteers then? Ryan: And the Salvation Army. Tierney: Yeah. On the way back, you must have come back by boat, how was the trip back? Ryan: It was good, we came back in the . Tierney: Yeah, was that an American ship? Ryan: American ship right. Tierney: How was that? Ryan: We got 2 meals a day on that comin' back we got fed good comin' back. Tierney: Yeah. Ryan: But uhh, I think it was 8 day it took to come back. We landed in Hoboken New Jersey. Tierney: Yeah? Ryan: And went into Camp Dix, 2 or 3 days and then we went to Camp Devens. I got kicked out the 7th of August. Tierney: (laughs) Oh yeah? Ryan: Yup. Tierney: Did you get any money when you come back? Ryan: I got a bonus of $60. Tierney: Yeah. Ryan: Yeah, that's all we got. I was getting $18 disability until Roosevelt went in. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: Then in speech he says, "gotta save money from these chiselers with their pensions so we've got to take them away from them!" Or something to that effect ya know, and I lost my $18. Tierney: Yeah? Ryan: Then, a few years ago, after I got retired on the trolley cars and buses, I went down and I was gettin' $80 a month, then I took the job I have now and I lost that too because I was making more money that I should have. Tierney: Yeah. Ryan: But, I'll quit this job and see if I can go back again. Tierney: (laughs) yeah. How about on the way back, the trip back. Were you guys really enthusiastic about gettin' home? Was there a lot of celebratin'? Ryan: Oh we figured out a lot of stuff when we got out. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: When we got down to Camp Devens, the brother and the father come down in a 1915 (unintelligible) to bring us home. Tierney: Yeah. Ryan: There was Danny Matting, Pat Barret and myself all got discharged on the same day and, they brought us home. Christ on the way home, I think they had 3 flat tires! Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: Christ our hands were all blistered from pumping up the new tubes! And changin' the tires. Tierney: How about when you got back to America, was that in August I guess it was? Ryan: August yeah. Tierney: Yeah? 1919? Ryan: We got a hell of a reception at Hoboken New Jersey. Tierney: Yeah? Ryan: There was a hell of a mob there when we got off the boat! Tierney: Was there like a band there and everything? Ryan: Yeah, . Tierney: How'd that make you feel? That make you feel good? Ryan: Oh yeah. Tierney: How about uh, when you got back here, were you considered heroes? Did people give you a lot more respect? Ryan: No they didn't! They said "get that uniform the hell of ya" as quick as you could! Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: So I was with my father, I went down and got my $60 bonus, went down to Charlie Lynch's and got a brand new suit. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: Then I went back on the trolley cars. Tierney: Yeah. Ryan: They kept our jobs while we were away. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: Yeah.
Transcript of part one of the interview with Patrick Ryan about his experiences in the Army during World War I. He discusses his early life in Springfield, how he was drafted, his opinion on the war when it started and in the early days of the war in Europe, his training at Fort Devens, and some experiences he had during the fighting on the front in Germany and in France. ; World War I Transcriptions Date of Transcription: 3/21/18 Transcriber: John Pino (Interview Begins) Timothy Tierney (Interviewer): Tierney. Patrick Ryan (Interviewee): Tierney huh? I used to run with a fella by the name of Ed Tierney back in Springfield. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: Yeah, but that was quite a while ago though. Tierney: Yeah, distant cousins maybe. Ryan: Yeah, that was back in 1912 to 1914. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: Yeah I'm 80 years old. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: Yep. Tierney: Ah. Well I'm doin' an oral history project and the topic is: World War I. The date is March 23rd, and I'm here with Patrick Francis Ryan here in Fitchburg Mass. And I guess to star with; can you tell me the date and place of your birth? Ryan: Uhh, Springfield. Tierney: Springfield Mass.? Ryan: Mass. December 17th 1894. Tierney: 1894 huh? What kind of family did you come from? Ryan: A regular family, Irish. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: Yeah. Tierney: Irish-Catholic family? Ryan: Yeah. Tierney: Ah yeah, (clears throat), were you a working family would you say? Ryan: I had 3 brothers. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: And uhh… I worked for the street railway in Springfield for 47 years. I got retired. Tierney: Yeah? Ryan: At 63 (age). Tierney: Uh huh, just been taking it easy since then? Ryan: No I've been workin' down in lawbury house. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: For 10 years, going on 10 years. Tierney: How about your parents? Were they workin' people or…? Ryan: Yes they were. Tierney: yeah… would you classify yourself as maybe…? Ryan: Huh? Tierney: Would you say you were middle class or? Ryan: Middle class. Tierney: Middle class family? Ryan: Yeah. Tierney: Uhh, you ever have any strong political feelings in your family? Ryan: Just the fact that I've been a Democrat for most of my life. Tierney: So everyone's mostly Democrat? Ryan: So is the family. Tierney: Yeah, how about Springfield; did you live in Springfield proper right in the city? Ryan: All my life. Tierney: Yeah? It must have been a pretty big city back then. Ryan: The city now is about 160 or 70 thousand. Tierney: Yeah, I've been through there a couple times. Ryan: Oh course you got… I think you got 3 colleges down there. You got the Springfield College, the AIC (American International College), uhh… they got the Springfield Community College, there's 4 or 5 colleges down there now! Tierney: Yeah, yeah. How about uh, how about your school? Did you go to public school? Ryan: Public school. Tierney: Yeah? Ryan: I went up to the 8th grade. Tierney: 8th grade? You didn't have any high school? Ryan: No, no high school. Tierney: What, did you just go to work? Ryan: Just went to work after I was 14. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: Yup. Tierney: How much money you make back then? Ryan: You'd be surprised, I worked at ports and (unintelligible) for 2 and half dollars a week! Tierney (bewildered): 2 dollars and a half a week? Ryan: That's right. Tierney: Jeez, you get much more now for only an hour more! Ryan: Welp, ummm, then I went down to (unintelligible) in 1916 (clears throat) and uh, from 1914 to 15 we made 35 dollars a week polishing. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: Yup, and then in 1916 I went on the trolley car and we got 14 dollars a week for 7 days a week! Tierney: That's somethin'. Ryan: I worked on that until I got drafted in April of 1918. Tierney: Yeah. Ryan: Then I was in the army from April to August. (Clears throat and coughs heavily) April 1918 to August 1919! Tierney: Yeah, yeah. How about now, in June of 1914 that's when the war first broke out. Ryan: Yeah. Tierney: You must have been workin', where were you workin at the time? Ryan: Springfield, (unintelligible). Tierney: What did you think about it? When you first heard the news of uh… well really I guess it was built up for a long time but what finally triggered it was when that Serb patriot (Patriot? Contemporary historians would probably refer to Gavrilo Princip as a nationalist, or a even a terrorist) killed that archduke uhhh… Ryan: Ferdinand. Tierney: Yeah right, but anyway how did you first hear the news? Newspaper maybe? Or…? Ryan: The newspapers. Tierney: Yeah? Ryan: There wasn't much radio then. Tierney: No? Ryan: No. Tierney: I almost said T.V. too! Ryan: No, it was newspaper. Tierney: So like, in 1914, just what did you think of it when you first heard the news of the war? Ryan: I thought we'd get involved after a while, and we were. Tierney: You did think we would get involved? Ryan: When they sunk the Lusitania, that's when the United States got into it. Tierney: Yeah that was one of the big reasons. How about when during 1914, did you think most people really thought about the war? Ryan: Their own thoughts about it? Some thought it was going to last for a while, others thought it would be all over. Tierney: Hm. Ryan: People thought that Ferdinand's country would fight against who assassinated him and then Germany comes in, Kaiser Wilhelm or… Tierney: The second. Ryan: Yeah, Kaiser Wilhelm II, he got his big army goin'. And then everything broke open… the United States was into it. Italy, France… we were in supporting action for 42 days after the Chateau-Thierry front, we went right into the Saint-Mihiel into the Argonne… Tierney: Yeah. Ryan: Then from the Argonne into the army of occupation. Tierney: Ok, getting back to the start of the war, like in 1914 and 1915, those years, was you yourself or most people for England and against Germany? Ryan: They were Germany, most of em'. Tierney: How about the Irish-Catholics? Ryan: Irish-Catholics were against England. Tierney: Right. Ryan: It was in 1916 when the Black and Tans went into Ireland (Irish royal soldiers who went to Ireland to reestablish British control during the Easter Rising, infamous reputation for killing civilians and terrorism). Tierney: Hm. Ryan: Do you remember readin' about the Black and Tans? Tierney: I've heard of it, yeah. Ryan: It was the massacre, the 1916 massacre of the Black and Tans in Ireland (Ryan might be getting the Black and Tans confused with the Irish nationalists that staged the Easter Rising in 1916). Tierney: Yeah. Ryan: My old (unintelligible), he was dead set against the English. Tierney: Yeah, there was a lot of- Ryan: He used to call em' "dirty limeys." Tierney: Oh yeah? Hm. You said that for the most part people were against Germany? Ryan: Yes. Tierney: Was there any propaganda? Any movies or anything like that against Germany? Ryan: I don't remember any movies. Tierney: How about the newspapers and stuff? Ryan: Newspapers were on the allied side. Tierney: Yeah, England, France and… yeah. Do you remember the execution of nurse Edith Cavell? Ryan: I've heard of it, the Germans killed her. Tierney: Yeah, she was an English nurse and the Germans executed her. Ryan: They took her and thought she was a spy. Tierney: Yeah, yeah that was the reason they gave. How about during the first couple years of the war, you know, 14' and 15', how about U-boat activities? You mentioned earlier the Lusitania, that was sunk on May 7th, 1915. Ryan: The Germans had a good fleet of U-boats. Tierney: Mhm. Ryan: The United States was caught red-handed! They got caught with their pants down, they didn't have nothin'. Tierney: What do you mean, they weren't- Ryan: They weren't prepared. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: Then when the war was declared, they went to work and everyone started to work double time, overtime, big money to get goin'. Tierney: That was another question I was just going to ask about, Wilson was president then. Ryan: Wilson was president then, yes. Tierney: Do you think that he should have- he always tried to until the very last moment say that "America is gonna stay neutral," you know? Ryan: Yeah, he got elected on the slogan "He kept em' out of war." Tierney: Yeah, yeah. Ryan (correcting himself): "He kept us out of war." Tierney: You think Wilson should have worked harder to prepare? Ryan: Yes he did. He got all the appropriations so he could build all the war materials. Tierney: Yeah, yeah. So how about umm, how about getting back again to the Lusitania. What did people think about when that sunk? Ryan: When the Lusitania was sunk, they said "there's other ships that are gonna be sunk too." Tierney: Yeah. Ryan: And there was. Tierney: Do you think that's what really antagonized the Americans? Ryan: Yes and that's what brought the Americans into the war! Tierney: Do you remember the election of 1916? The presidential election? Ryan: That was when Wilson was elected. Tierney: Yeah, Wilson and Charles Evans Hughs for the Republicans. Ryan: Yeah, he was in Massachusetts (Hughs). Tierney: Yeah, Hughes, he won in Massachusetts, he won this state. Ryan: Yeah. Tierney: Do you remember who you voted for then? Ryan (coughing): I voted for Wilson. Tierney: You voted for Wilson? He was a Democrat. Ryan: Yep. Tierney: You mentioned a minute ago that one of the slogans he used was "He kept us out of war." Do you think that really aided him in being elected? Ryan: It help. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: Yes. Tierney: Did you feel at the time that people really voted for him because they thought if he got elected we wouldn't go to war? Ryan (coughing): I think so (coughs) (pounds chest). Tierney: You think that was a big reason? Ryan: Yes, who was his opponent? The Republican? Tierney: Hughes. Ryan: Hughes, Charles Evans Hughes. Tierney: Ok now- Ryan: He was a Massachusetts man, Hughes was, he carried Massachusetts. Tierney: Yeah, he did come from Massachusetts? Oh I didn't know that, I did know he won the state though. Ryan: I believe he was a judge at one time, a magistrate they called em'. Tierney: Ok, well, lets get to where you first entered the war. Uhh, in January, in 1917, Germany said they were going to reopen their submarine campaign. And this time they said they were going to sink merchant ships. They had curtailed it you know, a bit, and then they stopped it for a while mainly because of things like the Lusitania you know and other ships that they sunk. But again, in January of 1917, they said they were going to reopen their submarine campaign. I guess they must have been getting desperate, Germany was, and they said they were going to sink all the ships. No restrictions at all. And then, in mid-March, they had 4 unarmed American ships were sunk and one newspaper at the time noted, "The difference between war and what we have now: is that we aren't fighting back." Do you think that was a typical sentiment at the time? Ryan: Huh? Tierney: Do you think that was a typical sentiment at the time? Ryan: Yes. Tierney: Do you think people were really upset about the U-boat activities? Ryan: Oh yes, they were. They were afraid to sail! Tierney: Oh yeah? Afraid to go overseas? Ryan: Mhm. Tierney: Do you remember the Zimmerman note? (Zimmerman telegram) The note from Germany that was directed to Mexico? Ryan: I don't remember that. Tierney: Oh no? Ryan: No. Tierney: Oh it was just a thing that- Ryan: If Mexico had helped Germany they'd give em' back a part of the United States. Tierney: Yeah, Texas. Ryan: That's right, Texas. Tierney: You remember that happening or…? Ryan: No I don't. Tierney: Ok well, on April 2nd, 1917, Wilson gave his war message to Congress. And ya know, that's when he used "war to end war," he didn't originate that term but he used it a lot. And uhh, on April 6th 1917 the US declared war on Germany. Congress declared war. Do you remember how you felt at the time? Ya know, when the US actually did declare war? Ryan: Well, they all got prepared and after they declared war they put the draft in and everybody was readin' the papers to see who was being drafted. Tierney: Yeah. That was 6 weeks after they declared war, Congress passed a conscription bill or draft bill, how did you feel at the time were people anxious to get into the war you think or…? Ryan: Well, Danny, Manny and myself we all wanted to get into it. When I was examined first fort the draft I was rejected. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: On account of my eyesight. Tierney: Yeah I noticed you have glasses. Ryan: Then, when they got short of draftees, they gave me another examination and passed me into unlimited service! Tierney: Oh yeah. Ryan: But they sent me to Camp Devens and sent me to training down there. We went into Devens on the 27th of April 1918 and then the 4th of July we left Camp Devens to New Jersey and the 18th of July we landed in England. The 1st of August we were up onto the big guns! Tierney: (Chuckles). Yeah (talks to person in background) yeah, yeah it's some good detail. Ryan: Then we landed in the army of occupation, ya know its funny, Mary! (calling presumably his wife or caretaker). Mary: He's tapin' that, you don't want my voice in it! Ryan: Well he- you can put this in here if you want to. Tierney: Yeah it's ok. Ryan: Well we hit Germany first. I had on a 3 and a half blouse. Tierney (confused): I… uhhh. Ryan: It went by size, we went by size and it was 3 and a half. Now we were in Germany 7 months and a half, and when I left Germany at 7 months and a half later, I had on a 7 and a half blouse and it was too tight! Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: See, so that's what got a great big feat, we'd go in any German house there in Germany and get a feed of wild pig and sauerkraut! Tierney: Oh yeah? Good food huh? Ryan: Yeah, we had the life of Riley while we were in Germany! Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: Yeah, but as I told you, in France if the cow slept in the barn… we slept in the open. But in Germany we got the best room in the house! In the billets! (Temporary lodging in civilian housing for soldiers during wartime) Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: Yeah. Tierney: Oh that's funny. Ryan: Now I seen some funny sights over there, and I seen some horrible sights. We got in Germany and we had seen the kids washing their teeth with shoe polish! Tierney: (laughs) Oh yeah? Ryan: In the Argonne Forest, I wouldn't believe this if I didn't see it myself. One of those German shells come over… Tierney: Yeah, yeah. Ryan: And it landed in this shell hole with 8 doughboys in it. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: It killed 6 of em' outright, the 7th fella he died shortly after, and the last guy; both his legs were blown off! Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: And one was hangin' on by the cord here (hanging on by a tendon or bit of flesh) and a fella by the name Ray Callenwood, he was a stretcher-bearer, he carried a straight razor in his pocket. And he put a tourniquet around the stumps, to stop the flow of blood, and he cut the cord. Tierney: Yeah he cut the thing right off. Ryan: Cut it off, and believe it, this fella was going back to the first aid station singin'. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: Yes. Tierney: Ok, we'll get to that a little further on. Right now I'm kind of interested in-when you first went up you said you had to go twice [was accepted the second time after he got his draft notice] and then the second time you passed. You said you went to Fort Devens, were you in Springfield at the time? Ryan: I was in Springfield. Tierney: And you got shipped to fort- Ryan: Yes, Fort Devens, Camp Devens at the time we called it. It's Fort Devens now. Tierney: Yeah they call it Fort Devens now. How did you yourself and the other guys feel when you did get to Devens? What kind of morale was there? Ryan: Oh yeah we were a hell of a bunch coming from Springfield. We were all young lads, 21, 22 years old. Carefree, we didn't give a rat's ass what happened. Christ, we had plenty of liquor on the train goin' down to Camp Devens. A lot of em's come in there, some of em' had to get carried OFF the train! So we went down there, we took it good naturedly, we knew we were in the army we had to do what they told us! Tierney: How about the time…. At that time there were a few draft evaders, there weren't many during that time but there were a few around right? Ryan: There were a few of them, but not nearly as much as with the Second World War. Tierney: Yeah, yeah especially during Vietnam in the last few years. Ryan: They didn't have anything to do with this Vietnam War. There wasn't any of these draft evaders in the First World War. Tierney: Yeah, you didn't see any of em'. Ryan: No I didn't see ANY of them. Ya know, when we were in France; there was this other fella and myself. We were AWL for a day or two (Absence Without Leave, extended absence can result in Desertion, which is punishable by court martial or in some countries even death during this time). And did you ever hear of the trench bayonet in Verdun? Tierney: Uhhh, Verdun? I don't think I have, no. Ryan: There was what they'd called a "trench bayonet," there were a lot of French soldiers in there with bayonets on their rifles. Tierney: Yeah, yeah. Ryan: And they're trenches caved in, and buried every one of em! Tierney: Really? Ryan: Yup, and they were in the heights of Verdun. Under the heights of Verdun they had like a big reception hall. Tierney: Yeah. Ryan: They could feed a thousand soldiers in there at one time! Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: Yeah, we were all through that. Tierney: Ok but now getting back now, I was going to ask, what kind of training did you get at Fort Devens? Ryan: Oh we got trained everyday we worked, from dawn til dusk. Tierney: Oh yeah? Was it hard training? Ryan: Hard training? Oh yeah, we used to do squats from East and West (Ryan trails off and begins coughing). And then we went through actual warfare, we used to get down and crawl on our bellies through the woods. Carry our rifles. Tierney: Oh you mentioned you had a rifle did ya? Did you always have enough equipment? Ryan: We had good equipment; yeah we had Springfield rifles (The M1903 Springfield Rifle was the service rifle of the US military during WWI). Tierney: Springfield? Ryan: Yeah. Tierney: How about the clothes you got, the uniforms? Ryan: They were alright. Tierney: Did they fit ok? Ryan: Yup, that surprised me. When we went into Devens we had to take the civvies off (civilian clothing), then we get the clothes. Tierney: Yeah. Ryan: Then there was an officer, a clothing officer, he'd look at the guy, feel his muscles, then he'd look at him, see how tall he was, and he'd call out the size. And look at our feet and call our sizes. Tierney: Oh yeah? Just by looking at you? Ryan: Just by looking at us and he'd call the sizes. Then they'd give us and issue all the clothing and shoes. And some of them would have a coat that was too tight, another one would have a coat that was too loose, we'd swap. Same with the shoes, if fellas had shoes that were too tight or too loose we'd swap. But we all got fitted out pretty good! Tierney: Oh yeah? So it was pretty comfortable clothing? Ryan: Yes, we wore good clothes. Tierney: Oh yeah. Now getting back to the training, you do like a lot of marchin'? Ryan: We did a lot of marchin', we did a lot of uh, rifle range. And uh, we had to do a lot of uhh, sqaujeest(?), right and left and, all that stuff and we had to run, ya know, charge. When you had to fix bayonets and you'd have to have a big bag hangin' from a tree and, as if there's a German there, you run up and stick your bayonet into the bag. Tierney: Yeah, like the dummy (training dummy). How was the morale while you were in training? Ryan: Oh it was good, they had freedom. After retreat we could go to different towns, like I've been up to this place here (Fitchburg) when I was up in Camp Devens. Tierney: What you mean in Fitchburg? Ryan: Yup, and we got through here and other towns like Worcester and we could do that so long as we got back at midnight! Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: Yeah. Tierney: Hm, so you got along alright then yeah? Ryan: We had a lot of freedom, but we always got back. Tierney: Yeah, you get in trouble if you didn't I guess? Ryan: Yes. Tierney: Yeah. How about- did anyone ever like, ya know, could some soldiers not make it through training? Did some of them get sick or demoralized or something? Ryan: No I don't remember any of that. Tierney: No? Ryan: No. Tierney: Think more or less everyone got along alright? Ryan: We all got along good. Tierney: Would you say that for the most part, the soldiers were pretty patriotic perhaps? Ryan: Yes they were. Tierney: Yeah? Ryan: Yup. Tierney: Ok how about uh, how long did you stay at Fort Devens do you remember? Ryan: We were there from the 27th of April to around the 4th of July. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: Then they shipped us to New York. Tierney: How'd ya get down to New York? Ryan: Train. Tierney: By train? Hm. How about, when did you first know about- Ryan: We didn't even know it. Just get ours and "we push out tomorrow." Tierney: Oh wow, just one day ahead of time that was all? Ryan: Yup. Tierney: Ok so you took a train down to New York and what happened then? Ryan: We got onto the ship. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: The Cedric. Tierney: And that was an English ship you mentioned? Ryan: English ship. Then we sailed and we left… I think it was Hoboken (New Jersey) I think we left. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: It took us 12 days to cross, we landed in Liverpool. Tierney: How about the ship itself, how was the conditions there? Ryan: Very good. Tierney: Yeah? Ryan: We got 2 meals a day. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: Yeah. Tierney: How was the food? Ryan: Good! Tierney: Was it good? Ryan: Yup. Tierney: Do you remember how many men were on the boat with you? Ryan: Oh ho, oh Christ it was an army, a whole army. It was… what the hell do ya call it? Tierney: A regiment? Ryan: A regiment! It was a whole division, about 4 or 5 regiments, all with headquarters, supply and all that stuff. Tierney: How about the sleeping quarters how were they? Ryan: They were like hammocks. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: One above the other. 3 to 4 deep (might mean how high in feet they were apart from each other.) Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: Yeah. The guy on the top hammock, he had to climb a ladder. Tierney: Did you ever get sick on your way over? Ryan: Nope, like I told ya, 12 days crossing the Atlantic Ocean, and nobody was sick. But 6 hours crossing the English Channel and was sick! Tierney: (chuckles) that's funny. While on the way over, when you got close to Europe, close to England or whatever, did you run into any U-boats or whatever? Ryan: No we didn't run into anything. Tierney: No, you didn't get bothered at all? Ryan: Never got bothered. They had a gun on the stern of the ship, we went over in a convoy. (interesting note here, convoys were most effective method of deterring submarine attacks. Depth charges, naval mines, and all sorts of other things helped, but it was simply traveling in a convoy that almost guaranteed safety. If the U-boat fired on any of the ships in the convoy, the rest would open fire on the U-boat, meaning it was almost guaranteed death for any U-boat crew.) And this gunner was on the back of the stern of the boat. And one of the ships would throw out a big target. Ya know? Tierney: Yeah. Ryan: And this gunner, on the stern, he let that gun go by Jesus but he didn't the target! It was about 2 or 3 miles away. Tierney: Yeah, yeah? Huh. Ok, how about way over? How was the morale way over? Were you yourself and the other soldiers still in good spirits? Ryan: Oh yeah. They were in good spirits, Christ it was card games and poker games and dice games all the way over. Tierney: Oh yeah? Did you play for money or…? Ryan: We had plenty of money going over. Tierney: You mentioned you had gone to England first, where was it? Ryan: Uh, we went to Liverpool. Tierney: Yeah? Ryan: Yup, at Camp Ramsay. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: In England. That was about 12 miles up from Liverpool and we lived there maybe a week or two. Then they hiked us down to Southampton. Tierney: Southampton huh? Ryan: Yeah. Then we got on the Queen Alexandra, and went across to L'havre. Tierney: How about when you first got to England, in Liverpool, was there a reception there like for you? Ryan: There was no reception. Tierney: No? Ryan: It was the dirtiest goddamn city I ever run into. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: Yeah. Tierney: How about the English people, did you get in contact with any English people? Ryan: Oh ho ho, the Germans will get ya. I remember we went over on the boat, one of the English cooks he come out, and he had a dirty old chicken. He brought it up and said "This is the way the American eagle will look when the Germans get through with em'." (The English were more than likely very nihilistic by this point in the war, with all the English losses and air raids on London, they had lost any shred of optimism from the start of the war until now). Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: And there was a big Irishman next to me, the name was O'Connor I believe, he says "would you look at that son of a bitch…" You know how they have hobnail shoes? Tierney: Yeah? Ryan: With the big horseshoe in the heel? Well Jesus he let that shoe go. And the heel of that hobnail caught right in the bride of the nose! (Ryan laughs) Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: And it knocked him cold! They took him up to the sick bay and we never seen him after that! For the rest of the trip over. Tierney: That was an English guy on the boat? Ryan: Englishman, yeah. Tierney: How about the crew, the crew must have been English then huh? Ryan: There was an English crew yeah. Tierney: How did they get along with the men? Ryan: They didn't mingle with the soldiers at all going across. They stayed in their place. Cept' this one guy that came up with the chicken, and he got knocked cold! (Ryan laughs). (Tierney laughs) (Interview Ends, Continued in Part II)
peer-reviewed ; Activist computer scientists, including some of the authors of this paper, have been working against the adoption by governments of commercial, proprietary, insecure, poorly designed and implemented voting systems the world-over. And, while we mainly work to accomplish our goals by educating citizens and communicating with the press, we also must propose solutions to the problems of trustworthy e-voting. If a computer-based voting system is to ever be adopted, that system must be demonstrably of extremely high quality. This paper discusses a methodology and a set of tools we have used to implement a vote counting plugin, for an experimental computer-based voting system using applied formal methods.
In: Ecotoxicology and environmental safety: EES ; official journal of the International Society of Ecotoxicology and Environmental safety, Band 143, S. 330-335
Racial Revolutions comes at a crucial time for indigenist policy in Brazil. Newly elected president Luís Inácio Lula da Silva takes over with several orders for the permanent protection of Indian reserves on his desk, completed but left unsigned by outgoing president Fernando Henrique Cardoso. Lula's party, the Workers Party, has a strongly progressive social platform on issues of racial discrimination but no track record or firm positions on Indian issues. Fundamental changes in Brazilian Indian law have been proposed and may come before Congress early this year. Three fatal attacks on Indians occurred in January 2003, the first month of Lula's presidency. One of these cases, the murder by youths of a seventy-seven year-old Indian man in Porto Alegre, recalls the fatal 1997 immolation of a visiting Pataxó leader while sleeping at a bus stop in Brasília, a well-publicized case with which Jonathan Warren opens his book. Finally, anthropologists who work with Indians in Brazil are still dealing with the repercussions of serious ethical charges involving research among the Yanomami Indians raised against senior Amazonianists by journalist Patrick Tierney in his book Darkness in El Dorado (2000).
The "controversy over the Yanomami" has affected central issues, both epistemological and ethical and political, for the discipline and practice of anthropology, particularly concerning the ethics of field research; the way to use research data to support certain theoretical hypotheses; the relationships between popularization and politicization of research and, more generally, the responsibility of anthropologists with respect to both the uses of their studies in the public sphere and towards the human subjects with whom they work. In this article, I examine some key moments of the "controversy". In particular, I try to reconstruct the way in which the image of the Yanomami as the "last primitive society" was initially consolidated, inside and outside anthropology, and, in this sense, I compare the ethnographies of Chagnon and Lizot. In the paper, I also place particular emphasis on the different ways in which ethnographers have textually marked their positioning in the field as "proof" of the "authenticity" of their representations of the Yanomami world. In the last part, I summarize the effects of the "media storm" on American anthropology, which were caused by the accusations of ethically inappropriate, if not completely execrable, behavior addressed to Chagnon and Lizot in Darkness in El Dorado, the book-report by journalist Patrick Tierney.
Diversity and the rule of law : a Canadian perspective / Rt. Hon. Beverley McLachlin, P.C. -- Misconceiving federalism : Canadian and the federal idea / Stephen Tierney -- Political dynamics in Quebec : charting concepts and imagining political avenues / Alain-G. Gagnon -- Indigenous peoples and the Canadian state : The prospects of a postcolonial constitutional pluralism / Patrick Macklem -- Legality, legitimacy, and constitutional amendment in Canada / Jamie Cameron -- Constitutional citizens : oaths, gender, religious attire / Ayelet Shachar -- The judicial constitutionalization of politics in Canada and other contemporary democracies : Comparing the Canadian secession case to South Africa's death penalty case and Israel's landmark Migdal constitutional case / Michel Rosenfeld -- Originalism in Australia and Canada : why the divergence? / Jeffrey Goldsworthy and Grant Huscroft -- Rights inflation in Canada and the United States / Mark Tushnet -- Substantive equality past and future : The Canadian Charter experience / Catharine A. MacKinnon -- Canadian constitutional law of freedom of expression / Adrienne Stone -- The judicial, legislative, and executive roles in enforcing hte constitution : three Manitoba stories / Kent Roach -- Going global? Canada as importer and exporter of constitutional thought / Ran Hirschl -- Exporting dialogue : critical reflections on Canada's commonwelath model of human rights protections / Alison Young -- The European Court of Human Rights and the Canadian case-law / Lech Garlicki -- Canadian rights discourse travels to the East : referencing to Canadian Charter case laws by Hong Kong's court of final appeal and Taiwan's constitutional court / Wen-Chen Chang -- The Canadian Charter, South Africa, and the paths of constitutional influence / Heinz Klug -- The court and the constitution in the world / David R. Cameron.
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The communicative, visual and performative arts: core components of literacy education / Diane Lapp ... -- From Gray to Google: learning within a profession / Nancy L. Roser and Sam Weintraub -- Multimodality: in perspective / Jerome C. Harste -- Surveying the hopescape / Rudine Sims Bishop -- The transformation of children's knowledge of language units during beginning and initial literacy / Emilia Ferreiro -- Early literacy: then and now / William H. Teale ... -- Reaching/teaching adolescents: literacies with a history / Donna E. Alvermann -- The lamplighters: pioneers of adult literacy education in the United States / Thomas Sticht -- Revisiting the concept of "natural learning" / Brian Cambourne -- Beyond word recognition: how retrospective and future perspectives on miscue analysis can inform our teaching / Kenneth Goodman, Yetta Goodman, and Eric J. Paulson -- Spelling and its role in literacy education: an historical perspective / Richard E. Hodges -- Readability: insights, sidelights, and hindsights / Edward Fry -- Literacy education at a crossroad: can we counter the trend to marginalize quality teacher education? / Gerald G. Duffy, Sandra M. Webb, and Stephanie Davis -- Whole school instructional improvement through the standards-based change process: a developmental model / Taffy E. Raphael, Kathy H. Au, and Susan R. Goldman -- Language policy and literacy instruction: the view from South Africa to South Texas / James V. Hoffman ... -- Fifty years of federal government involvement in reading education / Patrick Shannon ... -- Literacy policies that are needed: thinking beyond "No Child Left Behind" / Richard L. Allington -- Literacy education 2.0: looking through the rear vision mirror as we move ahead / Robert J. Tierney
