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Tidal stream energy technology has progressed to a point where commercial exploitation of this sustainable resource is practical, but tidal physics dictates interactions between tidal farms that raise political, legal and managerial challenges that are yet to be met. Fully optimising the design of a turbine array requires its developer to know about other farms that will be built nearby in the future. Consequently future developments, even those in adjacent channels, have the potential to impact on project efficiency. Here we review the relevant physics, consider the implications for marine policy, and discuss potential solutions. Possible management paths range from minimal regulation to prioritise a free market, to strongly interventionist approaches that prioritise efficient resource use. An attractive exemplar of the latter is unitization, an approach to resource allocation widely used in the oil and gas industry. We argue that an interventionist approach is necessary if the greatest possible energy yield is to be produced for a given level of environmental impact.

This paper presents the results of a pilot experiment with an existing tidal energy converter (TEC), Evopod 1 kW floatable prototype, in a real test case scenario (Faro Channel, Ria Formosa, Portugal). A baseline marine geophysical, hydrodynamic and ecological study based on the experience collected on the test site is presented. The collected data was used to validate a hydro-morphodynamic model, allowing the selection of the installation area based on both operational and environmental constraints. Operational results related to the description of power generation capacity, energy capture area and proportion of energy flux are presented and discussed, including the failures occurring during the experimental setup. The data is now available to the scientific community and to TEC industry developers, enhancing the operational knowledge of TEC technology concerning efficiency, environmental effects, and interactions (i.e. device/environment). The results can be used by developers on the licensing process, on overcoming the commercial deployment barriers, on offering extra assurance and confidence to investors, who traditionally have seen environmental concerns as a barrier, and on providing the foundations whereupon similar deployment areas can be considered around the world for marine tidal energy extraction. ; Acknowledgements The paper is a contribution to the SCORE project, funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT e PTDC/ AAG-TEC/1710/2014). Andre Pacheco was supported by the Portu- guese Foundation for Science and Technology under the Portuguese Researchers' Programme 2014 entitled "Exploring new concepts for extracting energy from tides" (IF/00286/2014/CP1234). Eduardo GGorbena has received funding for the OpTiCA project from the ~ Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions of the European Union's H2020- MSCA-IF-EF-RI-2016/under REA grant agreement n [748747]. The authors would like to thank to the Portuguese Maritime Authorities and Sofareia SA for their help on the deployment. ...

Given the current situation, there is unsettlement over the global climate change, along with that, the cognizance on the worldwide population about the certain need to help reduce the greenhouse gases and in overall the emissions. This has basically led us to help increase the production of energy from renewable resources of energy and lessen our dependence on fossil fuels. The usage of Tidal energy is turning out to be one of the potential energy producers in the 21st century. The potential is massive. Worldwide, the tidal energy that is technically harvestable are along the areas close to the coast and there are several sources where the energy can be obtained up to 1 terawatts (TW) Also, the potential for tidal current technologies is larger than that of tidal range. There are two ways in which the energy can be extracted from the tides that come from the movements of water which can be vertical which takes place with the rise and fall of water, kinetic energy and potential energy, namely, tidal currents. The tidal range technologies help gather the potential energy. On the other hand, the tidal stream turbines help harvest the energy from the tidal currents. The province of Dundee in Scotland has been quietly getting itself into the front seat to make capital out of the opportunities such a boom will offer. The construction process has been going on since the early 2005 where the beginning of the foundations had begun already. This will help push for renewable energy jobs and get more investments in the city but it was only last year that steps had been taken to formalize with the establishment of the Dundee Renewables. The thesis will explore the issues and opportunities of the tidal in-stream energy conversion (TISEC) industry. The collection of data is made with thorough knowledge and reviewing of the socioeconomic issues related to that of TISEC and the other green energy technologies on an international and national scale by emphasizing on regulatory frameworks, research and projects. Further discussions will be made about the projects, case studies and tools that relate to the economic benefits and the development of the community. The particular components of TISEC development will be addressed: 1) The development of the workforce, technology and supply chain; 2) the importance of financing and funding; 3) the welfare that are brought to the community; 4) policies, assessment and the collaborator processes. The TISEC on Dundee will also contain a gap analysis and the current state will be discussed about. There will be several issues discussed related to the legislation and practices to date. ; Incoming

The Streamlining of Ocean Wave Farms Impact Assessment (SOWFIA) Project (IEE/09/809/ SI2.558291) is an EU Intelligent Energy Europe (IEE) funded project that draws together ten partners, across eight European countries, who are actively involved with planned wave farm test centres. The SOWFIA project aims to achieve the sharing and consolidation of pan-European experience of consenting processes and environmental and socio-economic impact assessment (IA) best practices for offshore wave energy conversion developments. Studies of wave farm demonstration projects in each of the collaborating EU nations are contributing to the findings. The study sites comprise a wide range of device technologies, environmental settings and stakeholder interests. Through project workshops, meetings, on-going communication and networking amongst project partners, ideas and experiences relating to IA and policy are being shared, and co-ordinated studies addressing key questions for wave energy development are being carried out. The overall goal of the SOWFIA project is to provide recommendations for approval process streamlining and European-wide streamlining of IA processes, thereby helping to remove legal, environmental and socio-economic barriers to the development of offshore power generation from waves. By utilising the findings from technology-specific monitoring at multiple sites, SOWFIA will accelerate knowledge transfer and promote European-wide expertise on environmental and socio-economic impact assessments of wave energy projects. In this way, the development of the future, commercial phase of offshore wave energy installations will benefit from the lessons learned from existing smaller-scale developments.