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Located in Northwest Greenland, the Thule region is a remarkable frontier zone. This article focusses on the undecided nature of the frontier in both time and space. The article explores the unstable ground upon which 'resources' emerge as such. The case is made in three analytical parts: The first discusses the notion of commons and the implicit issue of spatiality. The second shows how the region's living resources were perceived and poses a question of sustainability. The third centres on the Arctic as a 'contact zone'; a place for colonial encounters and a meeting ground between human and nonhuman agents.

Recent trends in modern architectural theory stress the dynamic relationship that exists between culture and the built environment. Such theories hold that because different cultures are characterized by distinctive types of economic, social, and ideological relationships, they require different forms of spatial order to sustain them. Through the adoption of such a perspective, this paper examines the effects of Euro-Canadian prefabricated housing on modern Inuit groups in the central and eastern Canadian Arctic. Preliminary results suggest that the "alien" spatial environments of the southern-style prefabricated house may have contributed to increasing gender asymmetry, a transformation of social relations through the delayed resolution of interpersonal conflicts, confusion over how, when and where to conduct various household activities, and a loss of cultural identity among contemporary Inuit.Key words: human spatial behaviour, government housing, Inuit, gender, acculturation, northern communities ; Les tendances récentes dans la théorie de l'architecture moderne insistent sur le rapport dynamique existant entre la culture et le cadre bâti. De telles théories soutiennent que, vu que différentes cultures se caractérisent par des types distincts de rapports économiques, sociaux et idéologiques, elles ont besoin pour se maintenir de différentes formes d'aménagement des volumes et des espaces. En adoptant une telle perspective, cet article examine les effets des habitations eurocanadiennes préfabriquées, sur les groupes inuits modernes du centre et de l'est de l'Arctique canadien. Les résultats préliminaires suggèrent que les aménagements «étrangers» des volumes et des espaces des maisons préfabriquées conçues dans le sud pourraient avoir contribué à une augmentation de l'asymétrie entre les sexes, à une transformation des rapports sociaux par la résolution tardive des conflits interpersonnels, à une certaine confusion concernant l'exécution ses diverses activités au foyer (comment, quand et où), et à une perte d'identité culturelle chez les Inuit contemporains.Mots clés: comportement spatial humain, habitation fournie par l'État, Inuit, genre, acculturation, communautés nordiques

. Jenness quickly found his curiosity about anthropology blossoming into a vocation. In 1911 he was appointed Oxford Scholar to Papua, New Guinea, where he spent twelve months studying the Northern Entrecasteaux. Upon his return to New Zealand, he was asked to join the Canadian Arctic Expedition, an ambitious government-funded scientific enterprise under the direction of the well-known arctic explorers Vilhjalmur Stefansson and R.M. Anderson. In June, 1913, Jenness found himself aboard the refitted whaling vessel Karluk steaming northward to the Bering Strait and beyond to the Beaufort Sea. . In the autumn of 1913, the small vessel became locked in the sea ice off the northern coast of Alaska. Unable to free itself, the ship drifted helplessly westward towards the Siberian Sea, where it was finally crushed in the ice off Wrangel Island. Eight men perished in their bid to reach the mainland. By a stroke of fortune, Jenness was not aboard the Karluk when she drifted off; he, Stefansson, and several others had left the ship earlier on a routine hunting trip. Abandoning the hopeless task of searching for the Karluk, which was lost to sight when they returned, the hunting party headed for Barrow, Alaska to rendezvous with the remaining two vessels of the expedition, the Alaska and the Mary Sachs. Jenness spent his first winter at Harrison Bay, Alaska, where he learned to speak Inuktitut, gathered information about Western Eskimo customs and folklore, and experienced at first-hand the precarious existence of the northern hunter. In the spring of 1914, he set out along the coast to the expedition's base camp at Bernard Harbour in the Coronation Gulf region. Here he engaged in one of the most important goals of the Canadian Arctic Expedition-the study of the Copper Eskimos of Victoria Island, a people first brought to the attention of the "civilized world" by Stefansson only four years earlier. When Jenness arrived in the Coronation Gulf region, only a handful of Europeans had visited the land of the Copper Eskimo. Merchants had only just begun to ply their trade in the area, and the missionaries and Northwest Mounted Police were yet to arrive. As a consequence, the Copper Eskimo remained largely unaffected by contact with the outside world. Jenness, therefore, was charged with recording a virtually pristine aboriginal way of life that would change radically within a generation. Jenness spent two years with these Central Eskimo people, living for one year as the adopted son of the hunter Ikpukhuak and his shaman wife Higalik. During that time he hunted and traveled with his "family", sharing both their festivities and their famine. The monographs and publications that resulted from this field work have been recognized by scholars as "the most comprehensive description of a single Eskimo tribe ever written." . During his tenure with the National Museum, Jenness published two seminal articles on northern archaeology. The first paper identified a new prehistoric culture in the eastern Arctic - the Dorset Culture - which Jenness believed to have preceded the Thule Culture (the ancestors of the contemporary Inuit) by a millenium or more. The second paper hypothesized the Old Bering Sea Culture of the Bering Strait area, a complex which Jenness believed not only preceded the Thule Culture in the western Arctic but which was ancestral to it. Considered radical at the time of their publication, these theories are now widely accepted, having been vindicated by carbon-14 dating and subsequent field research. Jeness's interest in the Arctic never waned. As late as 1968 he was still articulating his concern for the Inuit struggle to survive. Among his last works was a series of five volumes published by The Arctic Institute of North America that reviewed government policies toward the Inuit of Alaska, Canada, and Greenland. .

The news items include: 1) a new twin-screw icebreaker that will be built for the Canadian Dept. of Transport for supplying northern stations; 2) the launching of the C.D. Howe, a new Canadian Eastern Arctic Patrol ship; 3) the laying of the keel of the new Royal Canadian Navy icebreaker which is under construction; 4) archaeological work on Cornwallis Island near Resolute Bay; 5) the trial of two young Netsilik Eskimo men on charges of assisting the suicide of a woman, who was the mother of one of the men, with tuberculosis; 6) the announcement by the U.S. Transportation Corps that they are sending modified half-track vehicles north to test their usefulness; 7) various articles about Greenland affairs including the creation of funds for increased cultural relations between Greenland and Denmark, population statistics of Greenland, the establishment of air transportation between Greenland and Denmark, the construction of vacation homes for convalescing Greenlandic children, and the free distribution of fresh vegetables - a gift from Danish market gardeners.

Most readers of Arctic will have heard with sadness the news of Graham Rowley's death in Ottawa on December 31, 2003. And many will have read with gratitude the heartfelt tributes his passing occasioned in the press on both sides of the Atlantic, which variously detailed Graham's lifelong, wonderfully eclectic engagement with the Canadian Arctic through exploration, administration, scholarship, and scientific enterprise. Graham's introduction to the Arctic came in 1936. . he seized the chance to join Tom Manning's British Canadian Arctic Expedition (1936-39), which was headed for northern Baffin Island and the largely unexplored east coast of Foxe Basin. . As the expedition's archaeologist, Graham had one main quest, set for him by Diamond Jenness at the National Museum in Ottawa: to unearth conclusive evidence of an ancient Arctic culture quite distinct from the so-called Thule culture described by Danish archaeologist Therkel Mathiassen. . At Avvajja, [near Igloolik Island] he was able to excavate a uniquely "Dorset" site, confirming Jenness's hunch, and establishing the Dorset culture as archaeological fact. He published the results of his archaeological investigations in an article entitled "The Dorset Culture of the Eastern Arctic," which appeared in the American Anthropologist (New Series 42, 1940). . The British Canadian Arctic Expedition left its mark on Igloolik's recorded oral history. Graham and Reynold Bray (who tragically drowned in September 1938) are especially remembered. They both had Inuktitut names, Graham being Makkuktu'naaq ('the little, or likeable, young man'), and Reynold, Umiligaarjuk ('the little bearded one'). A mixture of surprise, amusement, and admiration had greeted their arrival in Igloolik by dog team in February 1937. Here were two young white men, remarkably ill-dressed, lice-infested, walking on the shanks of their skin boots, and almost out of supplies, who had journeyed more or less alone from Repulse Bay, some 200 miles away, in the middle of winter. Even more remarkably, they knew how to manage a dog team, build snow houses, and (especially Graham) communicate in basic Inuktitut. Inuit elders interviewed in Igloolik during the 1990s still remembered Graham's departure for the war and the doubts they had entertained at the time about his chances of survival. But survive he did. Graham returned to Ottawa after the war. Still serving in the Canadian Army, he commanded the advance party of "Exercise Musk-Ox," an operation designed to test the effectiveness of motorized vehicles in the Arctic and Subarctic regions of Canada. The assignment took him from Churchill, Manitoba, across the barrens by tractor-train to Baker Lake. Retiring from the Army in 1946, he joined the Defence Research Board, where he was responsible for Arctic research. He oversaw the Board's sponsorship and support of Operation Lyon, which brought a medical research team, including Graham, to Igloolik by R.C.A.F Canso aircraft in the late summer of 1949. Needless to say, he took the opportunity to engage again in archaeological excavation, picking up where he had left off ten years previously, and uncovered some interesting Dorset and Thule material. In 1947, . Graham and . like-minded friends, founded the Arctic Circle Club, an Ottawa-based association that quickly became the focus for all those with northern interests. . In 1951, Graham began his 23-year career with the Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources ., serving first as Secretary of the Advisory Committee on Northern Development, responsible for the coordination of government activities in the North, then as Scientific Adviser. . he was closely involved with the planning and establishment for the Eastern Arctic Scientific Resource Centre, now the Igloolik Research Centre, which opened in 1975 and, through federal and now territorial administration, has supported scientific research in northern Foxe Basin ever since. . Graham re tired from the Public Service in 1974, . The archaeological work of Graham's daughter Susan on Igloolik Island, which spanned a decade beginning in the mid-1980s, happily gave Graham the opportunity to return frequently to his old haunts. . Graham's professional achievements were widely acknowledged: investiture in the Order of Canada, honorary doctorates from Carleton Univesity and the University of Saskatchewan, the Massey Medal of the Royal Canadian Geographical Society, and the Northern Science Award, to name a few. He was also a past Chairman of the Arctic Institute of North America. .

Will(poem) /Thomas MacKay --In/tensions /Cathy Gutierrez ;Part I: At/tension.The pharmakon of the apocalypse /Kelli Fuery and Patrick Fuery --The merit of time : a genealogy of the countdown /Hai Ren --Postcard I(poem) /Thomas MacKay ;Part II: Re/tension.Collecting the cosmos : the apocalypse of the ancient library /Eric Casey --Giordano Bruno and the rewriting of the heavens /Geoffrey McVey --Francis Bacon's scientific apocalypse /Steven Matthews --Promise(poem) /Thomas MacKay ;Part III. De/tension.The elusive Isis : theosophy and the mirror of millennialism /Cathy Gutierrez --Promiseland : utopian technology and the American millennial dream /Fred Nadis --Postcard II(poem) /Thomas MacKay ;Part IV. Dis/tension.The end is still near : the eternal apocalypse of the tabloids /Amelia Carr --Christian apocalyptic fiction, science fiction, and technology /Tom Doyle --Unto (Rose Window, Sainte-Chapelle, Paris) /Thomas MacKay ;Part V. Tense.Y2KO to Y2OK /Charles Cameron --Cloister(poem) /Thomas MacKay --Respite(poem) /Thomas MacKay ;Part VI. Ex/tension.The Space Needle hits the road : the portability of home, landmark and memorial /Michelle Dent --Ultima Thule--the city at the end of the world : Jerusalem in the modern Christian apocalyptic /Hillel Schwartz --International radio /Thomas MacKay.

Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of contributors -- Part 1: Introductory perspectives -- 1. Introduction: Cold War science in the North American Arctic -- Part 2: Strategic science -- 2. Ice and the depths of the ocean: probing Greenland's Melville Bay during the Cold War -- 3. Leadership, cultures, the Cold War and the establishment of Arctic scientific stations: situating the Joint Arctic Weather Stations (JAWS) -- 4. Frontier footage: science and colonial attitudes on film in Northern Canada, 1948-1954 -- 5. Portraying America's last frontier: Alaska in the media during the Second World War and the Cold War -- 6. Making "Man in the Arctic": academic and military entanglements, 1944-49 -- Part 3: Cold War economies -- 7. Arctic pipelines and permafrost science: North American rivalries in the shadow of the Cold War, 1968-1982 -- 8. Cold oil: linking strategic and resource science in the Canadian Arctic -- 9. Icebergs in Iowa: Saudi dreams, Antarctic hydrologics and the production of Cold War environmental knowledge -- 10. Science and Indigenous knowledge in land claims settlements: negotiating the Inuvialuit Final Agreement, 1977-1978 -- Part 4: Science crossing borders -- 11. Knowledge base: polar explorers and the integration of science, security, and US foreign policy in Greenland, from the Great War to the Cold War -- 12. Institutions and the changing nature of Arctic research during the early Cold War -- 13. Rockets over Thule? American hegemony, ionosphere research and the politics of rockets in the wake of the 1968 Thule B-52 accident -- 14. Applied science and practical cooperation: Operation Morning Light and the recovery of Cosmos 954 in the Northwest Territories, 1978 -- 15. Melting the ice curtain: indigeneity and the Alaska Siberia Medical Research Program, 1982-1988.

La región ártica y los pueblos indígenas del Norte han tenido una muy especial fascinación para las sociedades de zonas templadas. Las sociedades del lejano norte de Thule sedujeron a los estudiosos de Grecia y Roma. Los términos con los que se describe la región ártica son frío, inhóspito, hostil, remoto, inaccesible, etcétera. Numerosas minorías étnicas asentadas a lo largo de los márgenes circumpolares son un ejemplo excelente de grupos humanos cuya cultura material y espiritual ha sido forzada a adecuarse a la mayoría cultural del Sur. Inicié el estudio de este fenómeno en 1976 en cuatro pequeñas comunidades de cazadores y pescadores asentadas en la cuenca del río Mackenzie en los Territorios del Noroeste (Canadá) y, con interrupciones, se ha continuado hasta el presente, usando el método de la observación participante. El objetivo de mi investigación era observar el proceso de cambio en los asentamientos de Norman Wells, Fort Norman, Fort Good Hope y otras comunidades más pequeñas, con población Inuit, indios Dènè y Métis (mestizos) ; The Circumpolar region and indigenous peoples of the North have held a very special fascination for peoples in the temperate zones. The far northern peoples of Thule fascinated the scholars of Greece and Rome. The terms which describe the Circumpolar region such as cold, inhospitable, hostile, remote, inaccessible, etcetera. The numerous ethnic minorities living along the Circumpolar margins and they are an excellent example of humans groups whose material and spiritual culture has been forced to give way to the southern majority culture. In 1976, I began a study in four small communities of hunters and fishermen on the Mackenzie River on the NWT (Canada). This investigation was supported by the Federal Government of Canada (Foreign Office, Project Nº D-515-I-1999). The technique I used was that of participant observation. The subject of my research was the processes of change in the settlement of Norman Wells, Fort Norman and Fort Good Hope and others small communities with Inuit, Dènè Indians and Métis population. ; La région Circumpolar et les peuples indigènes qui habitent parmi le Nord ont eu une trop fascination pour les sociétés méridionales. Les sociétés du Nord lointain, ceux qui tout le monde connait comme de Thule fascinent aux studieux de Grèce et Rome. Les mots pour décrire la région Circumpolar sont froid, inhospitalité, hostile, lointain, inaccessible, etcetera. Plusieurs minorités ethniques, vivant à long des bornes circumpolares, sont un exemple merveilleux des groups humains dont leurs cultures matérielles et spirituelles ont été forcés à vivre comme la majorité de les sociétés du Sud. En 1976, j'ai commencé l'étude dans quatre petites communautés dans les Territoires du Nord-Ouest (Canada). Cette longue investigation a été payé pour le Gouvernement Fédéral du Canada (Ministère des Affaires Étrangères, Projet Nº D-515-I-1999). J'ai employé la méthode de l'observation participante. Le motif de ma recherche fût remarquer le change social et culturel des établissements de Norman Wells, Fort Norman et Fort Good Hope, et des autres communautés plus petites avec des Inuit, Dènè indiens et Métis.

Проанализированы тексты, не вошедшие в окончательную редакцию романа В.В. Набокова «Дар». Анализ рассказа «Круг» позволяет уточнить значение сюжетной линии, связанной с жизнеописанием Н.Г. Чернышевского и путешествием К.Н. Годунова-Чердынцева. Обращение к черновику продолжения «Русалки» уточняет некоторые моменты взаимодействия В.В. Набокова с «пушкинскими» дискурсами эмиграции и, в частности, его отношение к пушкиноведческим изысканиям В.Ф. Ходасевича. Фрагмент «Второе добавление к "Дару"» позволяет уточнить смысловые уровни сюжета, в которых воплощена идея мимикрии пространства, времени и человеческих личностей. ; The subject of analysis in the article is excerpts excluded form V.V. Nabokov''s novel Gift. The most significant from these excerpts are stories "Circle", "The second addition to Gift" and the draft of a sequel of A.S. Pushkin''s drama "Mermaid". These texts are studied in context of the history and culture of Russian emigration of 1920-1940s. Analysis of these contexts allows us to clarify the origin of these excerpts and their meaning in the structure of V.V. Nabokov''s novel plot. On the early stages of the novel written in 1933, V.V. Nabokov was addressing topical political and literary discourses of Russian emigration. He used some typical opinions by N.G. Chernyshevsky for a written biography of this person. V.V. Nabokov borrowed the principle of construction of such a biography in A.S. Pushkin''s biographies of 1920-1930s. The biography of N.G. Chernyshevsky was thought up as parody on a "novelized biography". At the same time, the biography of N.G. Chernyshevsky became a basis of the next level of the novel''s plot, the subject of this was an illogical reality. One of the significant themes of Chernyshevsky''s biography is the theme of "patterns", or coincidences. In search of "patterns", N.G. Chernyshevsky (as a character of Nabokov''s novel) comprehends his own life as similar to a theater play. It is a way to a profound crisis, when an individual finds oneself in false realities. These levels of sense of Chernyshevsky''s biography are found when comparing the story with the plot of "Circle". The plot of the story "Circle" is based on the theme of the incomprehensible reality of Russia which the main character of the story cannot enter. The analysis of the excerpt "The second addition to Gift" allows us to clarify the novel''s plot sense levels which do not have a direct link with the history of Russian emigration. These levels of sense are connected with V.V. Nabokov''s philosophical and natural ideas about similarity of the elements of universe. These elements may be interpreted as variants which can manifest their belonging to the universe in the way of mimicry. The ability to mimicry is a feature not only of butterflies, but also of time, space and individuals. Merging elements of the universe join in a new sequence of variants. Humanity is variable, too. V.V. Nabokov was interested in the images of androgynes, Siamese twins. He tried to understand what characteristics of reality these creatures are able to observe. A part of the soul of a dead person can be a part of the soul of a living person. This couple is also a part of variable humanity and variable reality. This idea is realized in the plot about communication with dead persons (not with ghosts). In drafts of the novel, Zina died and Theodore wrote some texts which have a link with this event. This way the stories "Solus Rex", "Ultima Thule" and the draft of a sequel of A.S. Pushkin''s drama "Mermaid" were created.

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The difficulties and peculiar disadvantages suffered and surmounted by these models for all time in their struggle to the top reveals to us something of the nature of the perilous ascent. It does more. It shows the long period of •development and training of the equilibrium necessary to the keeping of the heights once reached. And next for an intelligent combat we would know what is and makes success ? We are compelled once again to force the rusty lock and cast a rapid glance thro the moldy pages of the past. In a critical analysis of the characters that have pre-served to us their sacred memory we find—no matter in what sphere their greatness has been achieved, in war or politics, letters or trade, supremacy in any and all—four mighty forces blending in perfect harmony and forming the prime factors, the foundation rock upon which has been constructed the tow-ers of strength, wisdom, leadership and learning of all time. Docility, Receptivity—with power to assimilate, indomitable Virility and Be-at-it-ive-ness. These are the weapons with which success is conquered and by the keen edges of which names are inscribed in immortality. Subtract from this super-structure one block or modify it an iota and the edifice of fame will crumble and fall, leaving, not success, but pitiful ruin. If then success and the ship of fortune rests with greater safety and more frequency in the four harbors herein designated; if the crowns of ivy and laurel, resting upon the heads of the world's greatest men, commemorate bloody battles, years of endurance and hardships; and finally, if what is commonly understood as " a good chance in life " is in nowise conducive to a strong development of the requisites necessary for success, as shown by the adverse circumstances in connection with the early lives of our honored living and dead, then it must be conceded that for this present age and generation " a good chance in life " has not much to do with success. c. E. B. '05. .1 >.,. ,11 II,, 234 THE MERCURY. ' i THE FASCINATION OF WAR. [Contributed for the Pen and Sword Prise Essay contest.'] "GEORGE MERITT." IN these modern times when eminent men, representing the most advanced nations in the world, assemble for the pur-pose of promoting international comity and universal peace, the subject ol war, in whatsoever phase, is receiving wide con-sideration. And yet, in this present period of the world's his-tory, during which the most rapid strides are being made to-ward the peaceful solution of all difficulties between nations, there is being waged a mighty war in the East, a conflict of tremendous import not only to the contesting empires, Russia and Japan, but to the world at large. Thus the propagation of the world's peace movement and, in direct contrast, the struggle between the subjects of the Czar and the Mikado have both, on accoimt of their overshadowing importance, given rise to wide discussion as to the nature of war, its general causes and some of its subjective properties. It is one of these pro-perties, the fascination of war, which will form the subject of this essay. From time immemorial war has had a peculiar fascination for all peoples. The barbaric warfare, with all its cruelty, appeals ever to the savage, and the glory of military renown continues to attract the civilized soldier. Though among the more advanced countries the main causes of war lie in agres-sion, territorial or otherwise, devotion to some great principle, or racial enmity, nevertheless struggles between barbarous or semi-civilized peoples are in part due to an eagerness for the clash of arms—a desire to find some outlet for savage instincts. True, the more important causes manifest themselves but back of it all is that fascination for war, that longing for military re-nown to be gained by heroism on the field of battle. And even in our modern times do not "the trumpet's call, the roll of drums and the tramp of marching feet" thrill our hearts with patriotic pride and exercise a strange fascination for us ? Do we not gaze upon the soldier, arrayed in uniform of military splendor, with envious though admiring eyes ? Human nature never fails to manifest itself and from ages back all have worship- ,.,.Miiw mMiwwi>w."■■»!> - THE MERCURY. 235 ped at the shrine of the soldier-hero. The recital of mighty con-flicts, in which innumerable hosts incurred every danger and countless thousands bled and died, never fails to arouse to the highest pitch of excitement and to fascinate by sublime awful-ness. The valor, us services rendered on the field of battle by the phalanxes of Philip of Macedon, the fierce charges of the Roman legions of old, the mighty victories of the Saxons over the Saracen hordes, the brilliant campaigns of Napoleon Bona-parte and the heroism of the Japanese armies in the. present struggle, arouse the intensest interest and exercise a strong fascination over all. And not only is this fascination displayed on occasions of renowned and brilliant martial achievments but it is manifest in the lesser experiences of military life. So thor-oughly has the admiration for martial pomp been implanted within our natures, that we are captivated, as it were, by camp and barrack life, with its drill, dress parade and reviews. We applaud the marching troops of state militia and flock in great numbers to view their annual camps. The soldierly young cadets of West Point and the well trained ensigns from Anna-polis inspire admiration and enthusiastic praise at all times. Thus we see the fascination, which all things martial has for us, is no idle term but is deeply imbued within us. Having shown that war truly means a potent spell of fascina-tion, the question naturally arises, Will this love of conflict, this attraction for war materially hinder the success of the world's peace movement ? General Sherman's famous utterance, "War is hell," ex-presses with keen and incisive force what men have been think-ing for years, and it is a gratifying fact that to-day the most eminent statesmen in the world are allied on the side of uni-versal peace. They are striving to settle all difficulties by arbitration and The Hague Tribunal stands as a monument to their splendid efforts. There are those who believe that war can never be made simply a thing of the past. They claim, despite the rapid strides made by the peace movement, that nations will continue to be more inclined to settle their disputes through force of arms than to submit them to a mediator. They assert, in addition, that the inherent love of all peoples 236 THE MERCURY. for military glory and the fascination warlike achievments ex-ercise over them will render the attainment of universal peace impossible. Faulty statements at best, as has been shown by the decided inclination of nearly every advanced country, through its head ruler, minister of state and other eminent men, to be identified with such a cause, and in every instance that nation's position has met with the approval of the great majority of subjects, who do not allow the fascination that war may exert over them to obscure their judgment or weaken their sympathetic concern for humanity's welfare. Our own worthy President and his distinguished Secretary of State have been allowed with the World's Peace idea, no abler presenta-tion of the question having been made?' than that delivered by the latter in his address to the World's Peace Congress, re-cently assembled at Boston. Also in other countries the trend seems to be toward the just conclusion that "war is useless slaughter" and should be prevented. Therefore, we are justified in saying that the fascination of war, strong as is its influence, cannot seriously impede the ad-vance of this noblest of ideas, which gaining strength with every day, and enlisting in its service the truly great men of the world, sTtall finally achieve a glorious triumph and secure for the earth Universal peace. WHO IS AMERICA'S GREATEST POET? BY "LAEUUS." EDGAR ALLEN POE, whom many foreign critics regard as the one American poet possessed of the elusive quality called genius, was born in Boston in 1809 and died in Baltimore forty years later. Like Scotland's great Burns, he is one of whom we can not but ask, what might have been? With respect to each, the question was pertinent until death closed the scene and put its warning finger on the lips of the scorner. We may ask the question ; but there we must stop. A friend wise enough, and strong enough, might have guided Poe's steps into the path of respectability, just as one wise enough and strong enough might have made of Burns a fit companion for THE MERCURY. 237 the languid gentility of his time. The lightning, controlled, is no longer the lightning; and genius in the leading strings of respectable mediocrity is no longer genius. The day of vindictive discussions of Poe is long passed. We of the present generation may grieve over his weaknesses and "his excesses; but we can not profit ourselves or others, by blaming him for being what he was. True, it is a thousand •pities, that he was not himself, plus the power of self-direction, that could have made of him as great a man as he was a poet. This one thing he lacked. He paid the price of weakness and waywardness, dying in disgrace at an age, when Bryant, Lowell, Longfellow and Whittier were in the midst of their careers as poets, and as men whom the nation delighted to honor. It is to be fixed in mind that these men who, like Poe, were New Englanders by birth, were also New Englandersby inheritance and by education. The Puritan spirit was the guide of their lives. Poe was of the South, born though he was in Boston. His parents were nomadic actors, and the child's first impress-ions were those of the unreal and dangerous life of the stage. Besides, he was a wonderfully precocious boy, and was robbed of the real childhood that ought to be the birthright of all who come into the world. The real drama of life is dramatic enough ; the real tragedies of life are tragic enough. Is it any wonder, that the child trained in an environment of pretense should lose or never acquire that balance of char-acter and of conduct, without which no man is completely a man. Under the thin disguise of the title, this essay is intended to be a suggestive study of the poetry of the man, whose passage across the heavens of our literature was not entirely like that of the lightning uncontrolled. There was the brilliant flashing of his strange genius; there remains the memory of the strik-ing impression he made upon his own generation. He was one •of the first American authors, who dared to have a literary opinion different from that of England. He did more to es-tablish a native American literature than all the writers that preceded him. Let it never be forgotten, that Poe conferred upon our country the glory of having produced the most origi- 238 THE MERCURY. nal poet of the century. He, like obscurity, that takes its shape in a glimmer of light, ascended the "Acropolis" of Literary-fame. His master poems stand alone in poetry, as the Venus-in sculpture, and the Transfiguration in painting. He left more than an empty name. The line of light that follows the meteor dies and disappears quickly, and leaves the darkness as it was. Poe's meteoric career was more than meteoric. He is and will be a genuine force in our literature. The power that was-in him, and that made him what he was has not disappeared from the earth. Bryant wrote his first boyish verses before Poe was born, and, long after Poe's ashes had been laid in the grave, Bryant continued to sing in his high, pure and manly-strain; yet as a poet, Poe, with his handful of appealing versesr counts for much more in the world of literature than the author of "Thanatopsis," in spite of the latter's long and blameless-life, devoted to high ideals in literature, journalism, and citizen-ship. Such is the irony of the fate, that almost shapes the man's career before his birth ! Of its kind, there is nothing better in the language than Longfellow's "Skeleton in Armor," with its splendid lyric swing; and the "Village Blacksmith," and "The Wreck of the Hesperus" are almost as good in their humble sphere. "Evan-geline," his masterpiece, is the most beautiful and the most •touching tale in verse yet told by any American poet; its-charm is increased greatly by the natural scenery of America, and our varying seasons. The easy verses sing themselves into> the memory of all who read his poems. His poetic gift con-tinued to ripen and to bear mellow fruit to the end of his life- The chief reason for Longfellow's popularity as a poet, both at home and abroad, is due to his firm belief and ardent trust iro his fellowmen. He, however, is not a musician in verse like: Poe, neither are his poems so characteristic of his own life, as Poe's masterpieces are of their author. Whittier was early brought into that intimate communion; with Mother Earth, and with Nature, which comes not by mere to observation, and which gives such a peculiar charm of pictur-esque truth to so many of his poems. How much he thus-learned, and to how good profit he put it, are visible in many of ■ . ■ > .1 ' '.' ■ 111111 i>iiPiiiyi.iMHiii>nii>i|pipiiWi'-w~--^j- • m THE MERCURY. 239 his poems, but specially in his "Snow-Bound," which, in addi-tion to its other merits, has now also an historical value, as a vivid picture of modes of life, even then obsolescent, and now almost as far away as those pictures of Homer. And not only will the scenery of New England, both outward and domestic, live in his verse ; but it is worth remark, that the nobler quali-ties of the Puritans have nowhere found such adequate literary expression since Milton, as in this member of a sect which they did their utmost to suppress. "Maud Muller" is perhaps the most popular of all his briefpoems. In some of his stanzas there is a lyrical melody, that sings itself into the memory. The best of his ballads have an easy grace of movement. True, he has won his place among American poets, and is very popular. Yet his poems are not interpreted and recited by our great en-tertainers, as are the masterpieces of Longfellow and Poe. I began with the suggestion that Poe was to be understood through his poetry, rather than through any analysis of his life. Indeed, all real and vital literature must be appreciated at first hand, or not be appreciated at all. To know the names and dates of all Poe's poems, and to be able to describe every drunken debauch of his unfortunate career, is not to know Poe as a poet, as a composer of literature, which appeals to the instincts of the possible, and yet impos-sible poet, in every man, who dares to dream dreams, and to build air-castles. Poe touches our inner feelings. It may well be questioned if he quite gets at what is truest and best within us. Certainly he "glides into our darker musings;" but he does not steal away their sadness, he rather intensifies it, and makes us feel what strange compounds we are of the simple, the sublime and the mysterious. In his essay on " The Poetic Principle," Poe said, in praise of Bryant's poem entitled "June," that it always affected him in a remarkable manner. The intense melancholy which seems to well up, perforce, to the surface of all the poet's cheerful sayings about his grave, we find thrilling us to the soul, while there is the truest poetic elevation in the thrill. The impres-sion left is one of pleasurable sadness. /, ■ranvMiBHiwtiiqi^^ttriffltfifl^ 24O THE MERCURY. With Poe, the "feeling of sadness and longing " was real and very present during the most of his life. Perhaps this fact suggests, as powerfully as any other, his title to greatness as a poet. In his " Fable for Critics," Lowell describes himself as a poet burdened with a pack of isms—a burden which was certain to keep him from reaching the greatest success as a poet. Poe had no isms. His one passion was pure poetry—the poetry that is divorced from preaching and moralizing, and which exists for itself, or as a purposeless ex-pression of the poet's feeling for beauty. So, whatever theme he touched, he made musical aud beautiful. However disgraceful Poe's life may have been in many of its outward manifestations, there can be no doubt, but that it had its beautiful side. He knew beauty, purity and truth, even though he also knew their opposites too well. His best poems are almost perfect in their beauty : but with this beauty, there occasionally come incongruous suggestions, that make the flesh of the spirit creep. Perhaps it is no mean service to make sorrow and suffering beautiful in themselves. Some of our best loved poets help us to see the beauty and the joy, which are seen the better through tears, and after pain. Poe would seem to have in-tended to show the sweetness of the bitter, the very joy of sorrow, the exquisite pleasure of pain—so strange, so seemingly contradictory to the man and his writings. It has been hinted that Poe is better understood now, than fifty years ago. He came into the realm of American litera-ture very much as an interloper. But before death closed the scene, the splendor of poetical brilliancy shown through his drooping eye-brows with marked clearness. He was unlike other poets of the first rank. They were men of irreproachable character, with a vital interest in the life that was being lived, and the thought that dominated their generation. Here was a man, who represented poetry from another side. Here was a man who professed to speak the language of the poets, but who lived almost the life of an out-cast. And he seemed to care very little—so much the worse for him then!—for the feelings and the conventionalities of the time. • mrm'1+r r?; T f-fmriwiV THE MERCURY. 24I The puzzling first stanza of " Dreamland " is very character-istic of Poe's life ; for even yet he is a good deal of an enigma— out of space, out of time—to those who know him best. "By a route obscure and lonely, Haunted by ill-angels only, Where an Eidolon, named night, On a black throne reigns upright, I have reached these lands, but newly, From an ultimate dim Thule— From a wild, weird clime that lieth sublime Out of space—out of time." BEGIN NOW. You will read in song or story Of the men of sturdy will Who have fought for^jold and glory And have scaled Achievement's Hill; But to make the application And to draw the moral true, If you'd win that lofty station, Start today ! It's up to you! EARNEST NEAL LYON IN|N. Y. PRESS. "I'll try to steal her heart," quothjhe, "And win her sweetest smiles." "I'll try to steel my heart," said she, "Against love's subtle wiles." So both in steel began to deal And, as you may opine, Love soon declared a dividend And started a combine.—Ex. There was a crowd, for there were three, The girl, the parlor lamp and he ; Two is company, and no doubt That's the reason the lamp went out.—Ex. Ill . u iBimmiteHftt THE MERCURY Entered at the Postoffice at Gettysburg as second-class matter Vol. XIII GETTYSBURG, PA., DECEMBER, 1904 No. 7 Editor-in-chief C. EDWIN BUTLER, '05 Exchange Editor CHARLES GAUGER, '05 Business Manager A. L. DILLENBECK, '05 Asst. Business Manage} JOHN M. VAN DORKN, '06 Associate Editors H. C. BRILLHART, '06 ALBERT BILLHEIMER, '06 H. BRUA CAMPBELL, '06 Advisory Board PROF. J. A. HIMES, LITT.D. PROF. G. D. STAHLEY, M.D. PROF. J. W. RICHARD, D.D. Published each month, from October to June inclusive, by the joint literary societies of Pennsylvania (Gettysburg) College. Subscription price, one dollar a year in advance; single copies 15 cents. Notice to discontinue sending the MERCURY to any address must be accompanied by all arrearages. • Students, Professors and Alumni are cordially invited to contribute. All subscriptions and business matter should be addressed to the Busi-ness Manager. Articles for publication should be addressed to the Editor. Address" THE MERCURY, GETTYSBURG, PA. EDITORIALS. Our college weekly, The Gettysburgian, very profitably de-votes two pages, in each issue, to the discussion of the impor-tant, vital and present needs of the college and student body. Consequently topics of immediate interest are limited and the difficulty of finding subjects which may be treated with the brevity required in these columns suggests the theme of want. Surely, at this season, few topics more apropos or relevant could claim our interest and attention. Just now, we want, more time for study, more time for lec-tures and recitations, more time for collateral reading, more time for recreation, more time for thought on the problems that confront us. Indeed we could almost wish for a thousand hours in one day. Our wants are legion. We want more un-selfishness, a wider dispensation of the little cups of cold water ; we want to make every one happy and cheerful. •"** in THE MERCURY. 243 Ask a fellow-student to participate in this little service, to make himself responsible for some worthy project, to do this or that and the ever ready cry is "no time, too busy." What a multitude of unperformed ideal services could be accomplished if we only had more time! But what use do we make of the many odd ten and fifteen minute periods in each day ? An-other year has almost passed and a statement will need to be' forthcoming. Count the debit and credit columns and ascer-tain the heavy losses sustained. Is there sufficient capital to engage in business for another year? As a suggestion, ■"The Economical use of Time" might afford abundant material for the pen of some brilliant essayist. . I > Culture in its wide ethnographic sense means a thorough acquaintance with all intellectual activity. It comprises know-ledge, art, belief, morals, law, custom and numerous habits and capabilities of man when considered as a member of society. All men are more or less cultured ; some more but a vast num-ber less. While a college is intended to and does impart, to a degree, polish and culture yet a brilliant lustre is impossible if the material be crude and unsculptural. "One gets out of life just what he puts into it" and this is especially true of college life. Many men go through the course for the culture that can be had, others with a more definite aim in view and quite a number with no aim or purpose. The two former will in all probability attain their object but what of the latter ? His lackadaisical spirit somehow gets a diploma for him, which sig-nifies neither culture nor purpose, and with this he takes his exit to help advertise his fostering mother. How incongruous! Shall his class-fellows, with the interest and welfare of their alma mater burning in their hearts, permit such an one to leave the ranks, with none of the distinguishing characteristics of a •college man, uncultured, and unenthusiastic ? This type of student is no stranger in any of our colleges. Engage him in conversation and he is soon distinguished as profoundly ignor-ant of the topic under discussion ; in his very gait he gives no •chance for a false conception as to his general make-up. Is it impossible to invent some moral or physical law, designing it to ll-nl'lUUI 244 THE MERCURY. operate on his kind, so that within the next decade perhaps the species may become extinct ? Could such a happy solution of the difficulty be reached it would confer untold blessings upon all institutions and add a very valuable specimen to collections-in the museum. But not in books, alone or a close application to what might be termed college duties is culture to be found. These are often pursued at the sacrifice of other things which have not a little of the polishing element in them. Culture is synonymous with civilization and for its perfection and realiza-tion must have a wider scope than is found immediately within a college curriculum. Fortunate is the institution that has a variety and number of societies and social organizations, the doors of which are ever open to all students, and wise is the man who enters and improves the social and literary oppor-tunities offered there. Contact with the other man is bound tc» augment personality, develop consideration, create thought power and as a consequence impart a depth of culture or civili-zation obtainable in no other manner. EXCHANGES. There is a growing tendency on the part of our exchangesr to picture in burning colors the hero and the coward; the brawny champion of the grid-iron and the insignificant strip-ling ; the bluffer and the grind ; the society man and the "Stag ;" the busy-body and the recluse, in short, every character, whether unique or commonplace, of the academic world. We remark that this is a healthy tendency ; for it not only displays college life in its excentricities but also gives us a glimpse of human character, in its formative period, as found in different colleges. It further sets up ideals, in part, creations of the mind tho they may be, as goals toward which many a student strives or from which he turns in contempt and disgust according as he either sees his ideal or the reverse of his ideal exemplified on the pages of his alma mater journal. Evidently the writer of "The New Sphere for Women" in the Washington Collegian was limited in printing space or is of very tender years and rather inclined to partiality. ■ • • ■ PATKOMZE OUK ADVEKTISEKS. FURNITURE Mattresses, Bed Springs, Iron Beds, Picture Frames, Repair Work done promptly. Under-taking a specialty. * Telephone No. 97. H- IB. Bendei 37 Baltimore St., Gettysburg, Pa. THE STEWART & STEEN CO. College Engravers cuncL (P-rinteTS 1024 ArchJSt., Philadelphia, Pa. 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