Suchergebnisse

According to the IPCC, societies can respond to climate changes by adapting to its impacts and by mitigation, that is, by reducing GHG emissions. No single technology can provide all of the mitigation potential in any sector, but many technologies have been acknowledged in being able to contribute to such potential. Among the technologies that can contribute in such potential, Thermal Energy Storage (TES) is not included explicitly, but implicitly as part of technologies such as energy supply, buildings, and industry. To enable a more detailed assessment of the CO2 mitigation potential of TES across many sectors, the group Annex 25 "Surplus heat management using advanced TES for CO2 mitigation" of the Energy Conservation through Energy Storage Implementing Agreement (ECES IA) of the International Energy Agency (AEI) present in this article the CO2 mitigation potential of different case studies with integrated TES. This potential is shown using operational and embodied CO2 parameters. Results are difficult to compare since TES is always designed in relation to its application, and each technology impacts the energy system as a whole to different extents. The applications analyzed for operational CO2 are refrigeration, solar power plants, mobile heat storage in industrial waste heat recovery, passive systems in buildings, ATES for a supermarket, greenhouse applications, and dishwasher with zeolite in Germany. The paper shows that the reason for mitigation is different in each application, from energy savings to larger solar share or lowering energy consumption from appliances. The mitigation potential dues to integrated TES is quantified in kg/MW h energy produced or heat delivered. Embodied CO2 in two TES case studies is presented, buildings and solar power plants. ; The work was partially funded by the Spanish government (project ENE2011-22722 and ENE2011-28269-C03-02). The authors would also like to thank the Catalan Government for the quality accreditation given to their research group GREA (2014 SGR 123) and DIOPMA (2014 SGR 1543). Laia Miró would like to thank the Spanish Government for her research fellowship (BES-2012-051861). The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° PIRSES-GA-2013-610692 (INNOSTORAGE). The work of ZAE Bayern in the development of the mobile sorption heat storage was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology under the project code 0327383B. ZAE Bayern thanks the Bosch-Siemens-Hausgeräte GmbH for the fruitful collaboration in the development of a sorption storage for dishwashers.

Currently, there is an increasing interest in concentrated solar power (CSP) plants as alternative to produce renewable electricity at large scale by using mirrors to concentrate the solar energy and to convert it into high temperature heat. These facilities can be combined with thermal energy storage (TES) systems, which are, nowadays, one of the most feasible solutions in facing the challenge of the intermittent energy supply and demand. However, they are still in research process and, for that, there is a lack of environmental impact studies of these TES systems complementing solar plants. This paper accounts the environmental impact of three TES systems used nowadays in high temperature applications for CSP plants: first, a system which stores sensible heat in high temperature concrete; second, a system storing sensible heat in molten salts; and third, another system with molten salts but storing latent heat. All the systems are normalised in order to be comparable between them due to its initial storage capacity difference. The environmental impact is accounted by calculating the amount of embodied energy in the components of the different TES systems. Notice that embodied energy refers to the total energy inputs required to make a component. Between the three systems, the sensible heat system using concrete as storage material is the one with less environmental impact while the molten salts and PCM have a higher value of embodied energy, mainly due to the nitrate mixture used as storage material. Finally, advantages and disadvantages of the method proposed used are discussed ; The work was partially funded by the Spanish government (project ENE2011-22722). The authors would like to thank the Catalan Government for the quality accreditation given to their research group GREA (2009 SGR 534). The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under Grant agreement n PIRSES-GA-2013-610692 (INNOSTORAGE). Eduard Oró would like to thank the University of Lleida for his research fellowship. Laia Miró would like to thank the Spanish Government for her research fellowship (BES-2012-051861).

Industrial activities have a huge potential for waste heat recovery. In spite of its high potential, industrial waste heat (IWH) is currently underutilized. This may be due, on one hand, to the technical and economic difficulties in applying conventional heat recovery methods and, on the other, the temporary or geographical mismatch between the energy released and its heat demand. Thermal energy storage (TES) is a technology which can solve the existing mismatch by recovering the IWH and storing it for a later use. Moreover, the use of recovered IWH leads to a decrease of CO2 emissions and to economic and energy savings. Depending on the distance between the IWH source and the heat demand, TES systems can be placed on-site or the IWH can be transported by means of mobile TES systems, to an off-site heat demand. Around 50 industry case studies, in which both on-site and off-site recovery systems are considered are here reviewed and discussed taking into account the characteristics of the heat source, the heat, the TES system, and the economic, environmental and energy savings. Besides, the trends and the maturity of the cases reviewed have been considered. On-site TES systems in the basic metals manufacturing are the technology and industrial sector which has focused the most attention among the researchers, respectively. Moreover, water (or steam), erythritol and zeolite are the TES materials used in most industries and space comfort and electricity generation are the most recurrent applications. ; The work is partially funded by the Spanish government (ENE2011-22722, ENE2015-64117-C5-1-R (MINECO/FEDER)). This project has received funding from the European Commission Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013) under Grant agreement No. PIRSES-GA-2013-610692 (INNOSTORAGE) and from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 657466 (INPATH-TES). The authors would like to thank the Catalan Government for the quality accreditation given to their research group GREA (2014 SGR 123). Jaume Gasia would like to thank the Departament d'Universitats, Recerca i Societat de la Informació de la Generalitat de Catalunya for his research fellowship (2016FI_B 00047). Laia Miró would like to thank the Spanish Government for her research fellowship (BES-2012-051861).

Today, one of the biggest challenges our society must face is the satisfactory supply, dispatchability and management of the energy. Thermal Energy Storage (TES) has been identified as a breakthrough concept in industrial heat recovery applications and development of renewable technologies such as concentrated solar power (CSP) plants or compressed air energy storage (CAES). A wide variety of potential heat storage materials has been identified depending on the implemented TES method: sensible, latent or thermochemical. Although no ideal storage material has been identified, several materials have shown a high potential depending on the mentioned considerations. Despite the amount of studied potential heat storage materials, the determination of new alternatives for next generation technologies is still open. One of the main drawbacks in the development of storage materials is their cost. In this regard, this paper presents the review of waste materials and by-products candidates which use contributes in lowering the total cost of the storage system and the valorization of waste industrial materials have strong environmental and societal benefits such as reducing the landfilled waste amounts, reducing the greenhouse emissions and others. This article reviews different industrial waste materials that have been considered as potential TES materials and have been characterized as such. Asbestos containing wastes, fly ashes, by-products from the salt industry and from the metal industry, wastes from recycling steel process and from copper refining process and dross from the aluminum industry, and municipal wastes (glass and nylon) have been considered. Themophysical properties, characterization and experiences using these candidates are discussed and compared. This review shows that the revalorization of wastes or by-products as TES materials is possible, and that more studies are needed to achieve industrial deployment of the idea. ; The work is partially funded by the Spanish government (ENE2011-28269-C03-02, ENE2011-22722 and ULLE10-4E-1305). The authors would like to thank the Catalan Government for the quality accreditation given to their research group GREA (2014 SGR 123) and research group DIOPMA (2014 SGR 1543). The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union׳s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under Grant agreement no. PIRSES-GA-2013-610692 (INNOSTORAGE). Laia Miró would like to thank the Spanish Government for her research fellowship (BES-2012-051861). The work at CIC Energigune was supported by the Department of Industry, Innovation, Commerce and Tourism of the Basque Country government through the ETORTEK CIC Energigune-2013 research program no. IE 13-375. Research at Masdar Institute is supported by the Government of Abu Dhabi to help fulfil the vision of the late President Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nayhan for sustainable development and empowerment of the UAE and humankind under no. SG2014-000002. Researchers of PROMES address all their gratitude to the French government for the funding of their work through the ANR SESCO and SACRE projects within the ANR SEED program. They also acknowledge the support of the CNRS, the University of Perpignan Via Domitia and the EUROPLASMA/INERTAM Company. The work at the University of Antofagasta was supported by FONDECYT (Grant No. 1120422), CONICYT/FONDAP No. 15110019, and the Education Ministry of Chile Grant PMI ANT 1201. Andrea Gutierrez would like to acknowledge to the Education Ministry of Chile her doctorate scholarship ANT 1106 and CONICYT/PAI No. 7813110010.

L'edificació, la indústria i el transport són els tres principals sectors consumidors d'energia, representant el 96 % de l'energia final consumida a la Unió Europea, i essent responsable de gairebé la totalitat de les emissions de CO2. El programa Horizon 2020 de la Comissió Europea expressa la necessitat de reduir el consum d'energia i les emissions d'efecte hivernacle en un 20 % per l'any 2020. L'emmagatzematge d'energia és un dels principals camps considerats i desenvolupats per reduir les emissions, doncs permet emparellar la demanda i el subministrament d'energia amb sistemes simples i eficients. Els sistemes d'emmagatzematge d'energia tèrmica (TES) permeten emmagatzemar densitats d'energia elevades per poder variar la demanda d'energia i facilitat l'ús d'energia renovables. Aquesta tesi està principalment enfocada en l'emmagatzematge de calor latent, una tecnologia què, tot i que ha estat àmpliament estudiada, encara necessita millores i presenta buits importants. ; La edificación, la industria i el transporte son los tres principales sectores consumidores de energía, representando el 96 % de la energía total consumida en la Unión Europea, y siendo responsables de casi la totalidad de las emisiones de CO2. El programa Horizon 2020 de la Comisión Europea expresa la necesidad de reducir el consuma de energía i las emisiones de efecto invernadero en un 20 % para el año 2020. El almacenaje de energía es uno de los principales campos considerados y desarrollados para reducir las emisiones, pues permite emparejar la demanda y el subministro de energía con sistemas simples y eficientes.Los sistemas de almacenaje de energía térmica (TES) permiten almacenar densidades de energía elevadas para poder variar la demanda de energía y facilitar el uso de energías renovables. Esta tesis está principalmente enfocada en el almacenaje de calor latente, una tecnología que, aunque ha sido ampliamente estudiada, aún necesita mejoras y presenta vacíos importantes. ; Buildings, industry and transport are the three main energy consuming sectors, representing the 96 % of the final energy consumption in the European Union, and being responsible of almost the totality of the CO2 emissions. The horizon 2020 program of the European Commission expresses the need to reduce by 20 % the energy consumption and greenhouse emissions by the year 2020Energy storage is one of the main fields considered and developed to reduce emissions, allowing to match energy demand and supply with simple and efficient systems.Thermal energy storage (TES) systems allow the storage of high energy densities in order to shift the energy demand and ease the use of renewable energies. This thesis is mainly focused in latent energy storage, a technology that despite having been widely studied, still requires improvements and presents important gaps.

A wide variety of potential materials for thermal energy storage (TES) have been identify depending on the implemented TES method, Sensible, latent or thermochemical. In order to improve the efficiency of TES systems more alternatives are continuously being sought. In this regard, this paper presents the review of low cost heat storage materials focused mainly in two objectives: on the one hand, the implementation of improved heat storage devices based on new appropriate materials and, on the other hand, the valorisation of waste industrial materials will have strong environmental, economic and societal benefits such as reducing the landfilled waste amounts, reducing the greenhouse emissions and others. Different industrial and municipal waste materials and by products have been considered as potential TES materials and have been characterized as such. Asbestos containing wastes, fly ashes, by-products from the salt industry and from the metal industry, wastes from recycling steel process and from copper refining process and dross from the aluminium industry, and municipal wastes (glass and nylon) have been considered. This work shows a great revalorization of wastes and by-product opportunity as TES materials, although more studies are needed to achieve industrial deployment of the idea. ; The work is partially funded by the Spanish government (ENE2011-28269-C03-02, ENE2011-22722 and ULLE10-4E-1305). The authors would like to thank the Catalan Government for the quality accreditation given to their research group GREA (2014 SGR 123) and research group DIOPMA (2014 SGR 1543). The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° PIRSES-GA-2013-610692 (INNOSTORAGE). Laia Miró would like to thank the Spanish Government for her research fellowship (BES-2012-051861). The work at CIC Energigune was supported by the Department of Industry, Innovation, Commerce and Tourism of the Basque Country government through the ETORTEK CIC Energigune-2013 research program. Research at Masdar Institute is supported by the Government of Abu Dhabi to help fulfill the vision of the late President Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nayhan for sustainable development and empowerment of the UAE and humankind. Researchers of PROMES address all their gratitude to the French government for the funding of their work through the ANR SESCO and SACRE projects within the ANR SEED program. They also acknowledge the support of the CNRS, the University of Perpignan Via Domitia and the EUROPLASMA/INERTAM Company. The work at the University of Antofagasta was supported by CONICYT/FONDAP Nº 15110019, and the Education Ministry of Chile Grant PMI ANT 1201. Andrea Gutierrez would like to acknowledge to the Education Ministry of Chile her doctorate scholarship ANT 1106 and CONICYT/PAI N°7813110010.

Concentrated solar power (CSP) is today recognized as a unique renewable energy for electricity generation due to its capability to provide dispatchable electricity incorporating thermal energy storage (TES). Molten salts TES is the most widespread technology in commercial CSP but the industry is looking for cheaper and more efficient TES systems and phase change materials (PCM) have been highlighted as potential low cost and high energy TES systems. This paper presents a completely new concept of PCM energy storage systems to be used in solar thermal electricity plants with its technical assessment. A cascade type PCM storage system is evaluated, using four buckets with the PCM organized based on melting temperature and the latent energy of the materials. Daily, monthly, and annual transient simulations of the plant performance are carried out. The main conclusion is the similarity between this new concept and the commercial two-tank indirect molten salt system. The cumulative power production over the year is similar and the net production of both systems is well matched. ; The work was partially funded by the Spanish government (ENE2015-64117-C5-1-R (MINECO/FEDER)). Dr. Cabeza would like to thank the Catalan Government for the quality accreditation given to her research group (2017 SGR 1537). GREiA is certified agent TECNIO in the category of technology developers from the Government of Catalonia.

This study presents a methodology to determine the specific heat capacity (Cp) of materials for thermal energy storage (TES) by DSC. These materials have great energy storage capacities, and due to that, important heat flow fluctuations can be observed for each temperature differential, taking more time to reach a desired temperature gradient. Three different DSC methods are considered to be applied in the methodology, and are explained and compared in this study in order to select the most proper one for Cp determination. To perform this study, the Cp of three materials commonly used in sensible TES systems, slate, water, and potassium nitrate (KNO3), is determined. Excellent results with errors lower than 3% are obtained when using the proposed methodology with the areas method. Worse results are obtained with both dynamic and isostep methods, with errors up to 6% and 16% respectively, as a consequence of sensitivity problems during the measurements. ; The work is partially funded by the Spanish government (ENE2015-64117-C5-1-R (MINECO/FEDER)). The authors would like to thank the Catalan Government for the quality accreditation given to their research groups GREA (2014 SGR 123) and research group DIOPMA (2014 SGR 1543). The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° PIRSES-GA-2013-610692 (INNOSTORAGE) and from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 657466 (INPATH-TES). Dr. Camila Barreneche would like to thank Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad de España for Grant Juan de la Cierva, FJCI-2014-22886.

Book of abastracts of the 15th International virtual conference on energy storage (Enerstock 2021), 9-11 June 2021, Ljubljana, Slovenia, pp. 267. ISBN 978-961-6104-49-4 ; INTRODUCTION: The main objective of the present study is to compare the 30-year life cycle assessment of two concentrating solar power systems with tower configuration, one without thermal energy storage and the other with thermal energy storage, in order to assess their potential impact on the environment. To achieve this aim, common reference characteristics have been defined in order to allow the optimal comparison. The reference power considered for both technologies has been 110 MW and the "power cycle" (turbine, alternator and generator) and the "cooling system" are the same in both configuration. In general terms, the significant differences between both configurations are focused on the area of the solar field, and with it the number of heliostats, and on the storage of thermal energy by inorganic salts. Although it is true that concentrating solar power plant (CSP) in tower without thermal energy storage is not a current commercial configuration, it is very interesting to be able to compare the environmental impacts of both configurations when thermal energy storage is added to the solar plant. In addition, the study ends by assessing whether the environmental impact that is generated by adding thermal energy storage compensates with the improvement of its manageability, its dispatchability and its contribution to decarbonisation. METHOD: Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a methodology that allows evaluating the environmental loads associated with a product, process or activity, identifying and quantifying the energy, the materials consumed and the waste released into the environment throughout the entire life cycle. The LCA included in this study is carried according to ISO 14040 and 14044. Thus, this LCA is based on the impact assessment method ReCiPe in impact points and GWP in kgCO2eq and the database used is Ecoivent 3.6, which has positioned itself as a world leader in creating more transparent life cycle impact databases. Moreover, this work encompasses three distinct phases of evaluation: manufacturing, operational, and end of life. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: At the time of submitting this abstract, the study is on its way. ; This work was supported under the umbrella of CSP-ERA-Net 1st Cofund Joint Call by AEI - Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, TÜBITAK - Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, and CSO - Israeli Ministry of Energy. CSP-ERA-Net is supported by the European Commission within the EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation HORIZON 2020 (Cofund ERA-NET Action, N° 838311) and it was partially funded by Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) - Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (PCI2020-120695- 2/AEI/10.13039/501100011033), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades de España (RTI2018-093849-B-C31 - MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE), and Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades - Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) (RED2018- 102431-T). The authors would like to thank the Catalan Government for the quality accreditation given to their research group (2017 SGR 1537). GREiA is a certified agent TECNIO in the category of technology developers from the Government of Catalonia. This work is partially supported by ICREA under the ICREA Academia programme.

Actualment, la demanda d'energia per satisfer el confort tèrmic en edificació és un dels majors reptes per a les administracions. Per tant, l'eficiència dels diferents sistemes d'emmagatzematge d'energia s està investigant intensament per la comunitat científica. Una alternativa viable és l'ús de materials de canvi de fase (PCM). Les parafines han estat molt utilitzades com PCM per la seva alta capacitat d'emmagatzematge de calor (al voltant de 100-130 kJ·kg-1) i la seva baixa temperatura de fusió la qual és molt estable. A més, el consum d'energia i les oscil·lacions de la temperatura internes d'edificis es poden reduir quan un PCM s'incorpora en evolvents. L'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi és el desenvolupament de nous materials que continguin PCM basant-se en l'estudi del procés per obtenir la correcta introducció del PCM dins el material. A més, les propietats termofísiques d'aquests nous materials s'han de conèixer i per tant caracteritzar a nivell de laboratori. Aquesta tesi doctoral se centra en els treballs publicats en revistes científiques amb alt factor d'impacte indexats al camp de l Energia els quals reflecteixen treball realitzat. D'altra banda, aquesta tesi conté una revisió de l'estat de l'art destacant els requisits per a un PCM i llista tots els tipus de PCM disponibles al mercat i utilitzats en investigació. D'altra banda, un nou concepte de material compost que incorpora PCM ha estat desenvolupat en aquesta tesi. Aquest compost té la matriu polimèrica, i inclou un residu del procés de reciclatge de l acer. D'aquesta manera s'obtenen làmines denses que es poden modelar. La fabricació d'aquest material podria considerar-se un mètode per a la reutilització d'aquest residu. D'altra banda, aquest tipus de residus conté òxids de metalls pesants que augmenten les propietats d'aïllant acústic de la làmina aconseguint millorar el resultat final de la solució constructiva. A més, el comportament termofísico dels materials compostos utilitzats en edificis és difícil de caracteritzar i l'anàlisi tèrmica dels PCM és un pas necessari per al disseny dels mateixos. Les dues primeres caracteritzacions termofísiques estudiades en aquesta tesi es van realitzar mitjançant corbes calorimètriques que és una de les tècniques més potents disponibles actualment. tres estudis més van ser van realitzar amb dispositius desenvolupats per diferents grups d'investigació a Espanya per tal de mesurar les propietats termofísiques dels materials compostos o materials multicapa que incorporen PCM. ; Hoy en día, la demanda de energía para satisfacer el confort térmico en edificación es uno de los mayores desafíos para las administraciones. Por lo tanto, la eficiencia de los diferentes sistemas de almacenamiento de energía está siendo intensamente investigado por la comunidad científica. Una alternativa viable es el uso de materiales de cambio de fase (PCM). La parafina ha sido muy usada como PCM debido a su alta capacidad de almacenamiento de calor (alrededor de 100-130 kJ·kg-1) y a su baja temperatura de fusión la cual es muy estable. Además, el consumo de energía y las oscilaciones de la temperatura internas se pueden reducir cuando un PCM se incorpora en envolventes de edificios. El objetivo principal de esta tesis es el desarrollo de nuevos materiales que contengan PCM basándose en el estudio del proceso para obtener la correcta introducción del PCM. Además, las propiedades termofísicas de estos nuevos materiales se debe conocer y por tanto caracterizar a nivel de laboratorio. Esta tesis doctoral se centra en los trabajos publicados en revistas científicas con alto factor de impacto indexados en el campo de Energía los cuales reflejan el trabajo realizado. Por otra parte, esta tesis contiene una revisión del estado del arte destacando los requisitos para un PCM y lista todos los tipos de PCM comercializados y utilizados en investigación. Por otra parte, un nuevo concepto de material compuesto que incorpora PCM ha sido desarrollado en esta tesis. Este compuesto tiene la matriz polimérica, e incluye un residuo del proceso de reciclaje de acero. De este modo se obtienen láminas densas moldeables. La fabricación de este material podría considerarse un método para la reutilización de este residuo. Por otra parte, este tipo de residuos contiene óxidos de metales pesados que aumentan las propiedades de aislante acústico de la lámina consiguiendo mejorar el resultado final de la solución constructiva. Además, el comportamiento termofísico de los materiales compuestos utilizados en edificios es difícil de caracterizar y el análisis térmico de los PCM es un paso necesario para el diseño de los mismos. Las dos primeras caracterizaciones termofísicas estudiadas en esta tesis se realizaron mediante calorimetría diferencial de barrido que es una de las técnicas más potentes disponibles actualmente. tres estudios más fueron realizaron con dispositivos desarrollados por diferentes grupos de investigación en España con el fin de medir las propiedades termofísicas de los materiales compuestos o materiales multicapa que incorporan PCM. ; Nowadays, energy demand to satisfy thermal comfort in buildings is one of the major challenges for governments and administrations. Therefore, energy storage system efficiency is being studied by the international scientific community. A feasible alternative is the use of phase change materials (PCM). Paraffin waxes have been used as PCM because of their high heat storage capacity (around 100-130 kJ·kg"1) and their low and stable melting temperature. Furthermore, the energy consumption and indoor oscillations temperature may be reduced when PCM is incorporated in building envelopes and the thermal inertia increment when PCM is combined with thermal insulation was widely studied. The main objective of this thesis is the development of new materials containing PCM based on the study of process to get the correct PCM introduction. In addition, thermophysical properties of these new materials must be characterized. In order to perform the characterization, it was used several developed devices. This PhD thesis is based on papers published in scientific journals with high impact factor in the Energy field and one patent that reflect the work performed. This thesis contains a review of the state of the art highlighting the requirements order to a certain PCM and lists and sorts all PCM available in the market and used in research. On the other hand, a new concept of composite material incorporating PCM is developed in this thesis. This composite has polymeric matrix and includes one waste from the steel recycling process obtaining mouldable dense sheets. The manufacture of this material is considered a way to reuse the waste. Furthermore, this waste contains heavy metals oxides which add acoustic insulation properties to the final constructive system. One patent and two papers are the main result. Moreover, thermophysical behaviour of composite materials used in buildings envelopes is difficult to characterize. In addition, PCM thermal analysis is a necessary step of building design as well as it will be a key point in the final thermal results of the envelope. The first two thermophysical characterizations studied in this thesis were performed using differential scanning calorimetry which is one of the most powerful techniques. Three more studies were performed using devices developed by different research groups in Spain in order to measure thermophysical properties of composite materials or multilayered materials incorporating PCM.

Cooling in the industry sector contributes significantly to the peak demand placed on an electrical utility grid. New electricity tariff structures include high charges for electricity consumption in peak hours which leads to elevated annual electricity costs for high-demanding consumers. Demand side management (DSM) is a promising solution to increase the energy efficiency among customers by reducing their electricity peak demand and consumption. In recent years, researchers have shown an increased interest in utilizing DSM techniques with thermal energy storage (TES) and solar PV technologies for peak demand reduction in industrial and commercial sectors. The main objective of the present study is to address the potential for applying optimization-based time-of-use DSM in the industry sector by using cold thermal energy storage and off-grid solar PV to decrease and shift peak electricity demands and to reduce the annual electricity consumption costs. The results show that when cold thermal energy storage and solar PV are coupled together higher annual electricity cost savings can be achieved compared to using these two technologies independently. Additionally, considerable reductions can be seen in electricity power demands in different tariff periods by coupling thermal energy storage with off-grid solar PV. ; The work partially funded by the Spanish government (ENE2015-64117-C5-1-R (MINECO/FEDER), ENE2015-64117-C5-3-R (MINECO/FEDER), and TIN2015-71799-C2-2-P). The authors would like to thank the Catalan Government for the quality accreditation given to their research group (2014 SGR 123) and the city hall of Puigverd de Lleida. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 657466 (INPATH-TES). Alvaro de Gracia would like to thank Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad de España for Grant Juan de la Cierva, FJCI-2014-19940.

Six supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) were identified to be incorporated in concrete exposed to high-temperature cycling conditions within the thermal energy storage literature. The selected SCMs are bauxite, chamotte, ground granulated blast furnace slag, iron silicate, silica fume, and steel slag. A microstructural characterization was carried out through an optical microscope, X-ray diffraction analysis, and FT-IR. Also, a pozzolanic test was performed to study the reaction of SCMs silico-aluminous components. The formation of calcium silica hydrate was observed in all SCMs pozzolanic test. Steel slag, iron silicate, and ground granulated blast furnace slag required further milling to enhance cement reaction. Moreover, the tensile strength of three fibers (polypropylene, steel, and glass fibers) was tested after exposure to an alkalinity environment at ambient temperature during one and three months. Results show an alkaline environment entails a tensile strength decrease in polypropylene and steel fibers, leading to corrosion in the later ones. ; Funding This work was partially funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades de España (RTI2018-093849-B-C31—MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE and RTI2018-093849-B-C32—MCIU/AEI/FEDER) and by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades—Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) (RED2018-102431-T). This work is partially supported by ICREA under the ICREA Academia programme. This study was partially funded by AEI—Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (PCI2020-120695-2/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and PCI2020-120682-2/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 through PCI call). Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the Catalan Government for the quality accreditation given to their research groups (2017 SGR 1537 and 2017 SGR 118). GREiA and DIOPMA are certified agents TECNIO in the category of technology developers from the Government of Catalonia. The authors also thank the companies that provided the material to make possible this experimental research: Gestión Medioambiental de Neumáticos S.L., Arciresa, EDERSA—Masaveu Industria and Promsa—Megasa.

It is well known that there is a need to develop technologies to achieve thermal comfort in buildings lowering the cooling and heating demand. Research has shown that thermal energy storage (TES) is a way to do so, but also other purposes can be pursued when using TES in buildings, such as peak shaving or increase of energy efficiency in HVAC systems. This paper reviews TES in buildings using sensible, latent heat and thermochemical energy storage. Sustainable heating and cooling with TES in buildings can be achieved through passive systems in building envelopes, Phase Change Materials (PCM) in active systems, sorption systems, and seasonal storage. ; The work partially funded by the Spanish government (ENE2011-22722 and ULLE10-4E-1305). The authors would like to thank the Catalan Government for the quality accreditation given to their research group (2014 SGR 123). The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement no. PIRSES-GA-2013-610692 (INNOSTORAGE). Alvaro de Gracia would like to thank Education Ministry of Chile for Grant PMI ANT1201.