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This article addresses the problem of definition
and identification of clusters as localised
mesoeconomic systems with fuzzy
boundaries that stimulate the development of
these systems. The author analyses the influence
of the inductive approach to the formation
of cluster theory and juxtaposes different
typologies of clusters and other types of localised
economic systems. The article offers an
overview of the existing methodological approaches
to the problem of cluster identification
and emphasises the major role of institutional
dimension in the identification (and
functioning) of clusters, especially in comparison
to cluster formation theory based on
the technological connection of adjacent
units. The author comes to a conclusion that,
without the inclusion of institutional factors,
alongside localising and technological ones
(demonstrated through different variables), it
is virtually impossible to develop an independent
cluster theory, different from the general
agglomeration theory. For the first time,
a hierarchy of institutions affecting the formation
of local economic systems is considered
against the background of the identification of
institutional levels, whose full development
makes it possible to speak of the formation of
clusters as most successful mesoeconomic systems.
At the same time, the author emphasises
that, in economies gravitating towards the
market type of organisation, the development
of mesoeconomic systems is closely connected
to competition for innovative rent. The article
outlines the methodology for cluster studies,
which makes it possible to consider such relatively
new to the regional science phenomena
as innovative and "transborder" clusters.

Purpose: In many developing and affluent countries, poverty alleviation has been the prime goal of promoting socioeconomic status. The Government's attempt to curb poverty includes promoting monetary-generation projects, providing facilities to raise the standard of living, and executing the programs to teach positive values for these underprivileged. The research seeks to uncover decisive aspects of socioeconomic improvement of poverty alleviation in women entrepreneurship Methodology: Data of 300 women entrepreneurs from three different states in Malaysia participated in the study. We have analyzed the research data through PLS-SEM to examine the formulated hypotheses. Findings: It indicates microfinance was the strongest predictor of poverty alleviation in Malaysia. Entrepreneurial and personality factors are next on the list. Conversely, the environment and culture had little impact on impoverishment Research Implications: The importance acceptance of the microfinance program is the primary catalyst in creating new employment. It also provides a source of earning to improve the underprivilege's social and economic well-being and eradicate poverty. ; Nik Hussin, N. S., & Aziz , Z. A. . (2021). Socioeconomic Development on Poverty Alleviation of Women Entrepreneurship. International Journal of Professional Business Review, 6(1), e0283. https://doi.org/10.26668/businessreview/2021.v6i1.283

In the centuries since the enlightenment, the world has seen an increase in socioeconomic development, measured as increased life expectancy, education, economic development and democracy. While the co-occurrence of these features among nations is well documented, little is known about their origins or co-evolution. Here, we compare this growth of prosperity in nations to the historical record of cultural values in the twentieth century, derived from global survey data. We find that two cultural factors, secular-rationality and cosmopolitanism, predict future increases in GDP per capita, democratization and secondary education enrollment. The converse is not true, however, which indicates that secular-rationality and cosmopolitanism are among the preconditions for socioeconomic development to emerge.