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Eighteen factors were examined for their effect on the outcome in 103 English speaking temporary residents who received treatment in Japan for a psychiatric disorder. Two dimensions extracted by multivariate analysis distinguished "premature leave" and "drop out" category respectively. The first "premature leave" dimension was composed of mode of therapy, primary diagnosis, accumulated stay and experience of past stay in Japan. The second "drop out" dimension was composed of mode of therapy and referral source. The treatment outcome was influenced by personal psychiatric data, the social adaptation process and the treatment process.

Introduction: HIV-positive (HIV+) temporary residents living in Australia legally are unable to access government subsidized antiretroviral treatment (ART) which is provided via Medicare to Australian citizens and permanent residents. Currently, there is no information systematically being collected on non-Medicare eligible HIV+ patients in Australia. The objectives of this study are to describe the population recruited to the Australian HIV Observational Database (AHOD) Temporary Residents Access Study (ATRAS) and to determine the short- and long-term outcomes of receiving (subsidized) optimal ART and the impact on onwards HIV transmission. Methods: ATRAS was established in 2011. Eligible patients were recruited via the AHOD network. Key HIV-related characteristics were recorded at baseline and prospectively. Additional visa-related information was also recorded at baseline, and updated annually. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the ATRAS cohort in terms of visa status by key demographic characteristics, including sex, region of birth, and HIV disease status. CD4 cell count (mean and SD) and the proportion with undetectable (<50 copies/ml) HIV viral load are reported at baseline, 6 and 12 months of follow-up. We also estimate the proportion reduction of onward HIV transmission based on the reduction in proportion of people with detectable HIV viral load. Results: A total of 180 patients were recruited to ATRAS by June 2012, and by July 2013 39 patients no longer required ART via ATRAS, 35 of whom became eligible for Medicare-funded medication. At enrolment, 63% of ATRAS patients were receiving ART from alternative sources, 47% had an undetectable HIV viral load (<50 copies/ml) and the median CD4 cell count was 343 cells/μl (IQR: 222-479). At 12 months of follow-up, 85% had an undetectable viral load. We estimated a 75% reduction in the risk of onward HIV transmission with the improved rate of undetectable viral load. Conclusions: The immunological and virological improvements highlight the importance of supplying optimal ART to this vulnerable population. The increase in proportion with undetectable HIV viral load shows the potentially significant impact on HIV transmission in addition to the personal health benefit for each individual.

IntroductionHIV‐positive (HIV+) temporary residents living in Australia legally are unable to access government subsidized antiretroviral treatment (ART) which is provided via Medicare to Australian citizens and permanent residents. Currently, there is no information systematically being collected on non‐Medicare eligible HIV+ patients in Australia. The objectives of this study are to describe the population recruited to the Australian HIV Observational Database (AHOD) Temporary Residents Access Study (ATRAS) and to determine the short‐ and long‐term outcomes of receiving (subsidized) optimal ART and the impact on onwards HIV transmission.MethodsATRAS was established in 2011. Eligible patients were recruited via the AHOD network. Key HIV‐related characteristics were recorded at baseline and prospectively. Additional visa‐related information was also recorded at baseline, and updated annually. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the ATRAS cohort in terms of visa status by key demographic characteristics, including sex, region of birth, and HIV disease status. CD4 cell count (mean and SD) and the proportion with undetectable (<50 copies/ml) HIV viral load are reported at baseline, 6 and 12 months of follow‐up. We also estimate the proportion reduction of onward HIV transmission based on the reduction in proportion of people with detectable HIV viral load.ResultsA total of 180 patients were recruited to ATRAS by June 2012, and by July 2013 39 patients no longer required ART via ATRAS, 35 of whom became eligible for Medicare‐funded medication. At enrolment, 63% of ATRAS patients were receiving ART from alternative sources, 47% had an undetectable HIV viral load (<50 copies/ml) and the median CD4 cell count was 343 cells/µl (IQR: 222–479). At 12 months of follow‐up, 85% had an undetectable viral load. We estimated a 75% reduction in the risk of onward HIV transmission with the improved rate of undetectable viral load.ConclusionsThe immunological and virological improvements highlight the importance of supplying optimal ART to this vulnerable population. The increase in proportion with undetectable HIV viral load shows the potentially significant impact on HIV transmission in addition to the personal health benefit for each individual.

This study investigated the relationship between the expectations of a group of sojourning Americans before they came to England, and their experience 6 months after arriving. Nearly 60 Americans were contacted before leaving and completed two questionnaires, one relating to their expectations and the other a measure of mental health. These expectations were related to various demographic variables, especially mental health. After 6 months, a number of sojourners were contacted who filled out a similar pair of questionnaires. Although there were few differences between expectations and experiences, mental health was associated with the larger differences between expectations and experiences. The results are discussed in terms of self-fulfilling prophecies. Limitations of the study are also discussed.

Studierende stellen in vielen Städten in Deutschland eine wichtige Bevölkerungsgruppe dar, auch wenn die einzelnen Personen oft nur wenige Jahre an ihrem jeweiligen Hochschulstandort leben. In Großbritannien wird seit einigen Jahren der Einfluss, den die temporär und oft auch nur saisonal anwesenden Studierenden auf ihr Wohnquartier ausüben, unter dem Begriff "Studentification" diskutiert. In diesem Beitrag wird anhand des Karlsruher Quartiers Oststadt empirisch überprüft, inwieweit an diesem Hochschulstandort baulich-räumliche, ökonomische oder soziale Indikatoren einer voranschreitenden Studentification zu erkennen sind. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass man zwar eine zunehmende Konkurrenz zwischen studentischen Wohngemeinschaften und Familien auf dem innenstadtnahen Wohnungsmarkt wahrnehmen kann, aber die Studierenden weder in ihrer Zahl noch in ihrem Auftreten und ihrem Lebensstil das Quartier beherrschen. Ganz im Gegenteil werden sie von ihren Nachbarn meist als belebendes Element der innenstadtnahen Wohnquartiere wahrgenommen.

Since 1990, the United States has offered hundreds of thousands of noncitizens who are unable to return to their countries of origin because of war or a natural disaster a vital form of humanitarian protection: temporary protected status (TPS). While a grant of TPS does not place a noncitizen on a path to permanent residence, TPS recipients receive protection against deportation and temporary permission to live and work in the United States. Nearly 25 years after the statutory creation of TPS, however, the use of the program has been the subject of some debate, largely because of concerns over whether TPS grants are truly "temporary." This paper examines the legal parameters of TPS and traces the program's legislative history, exploring congressional intent behind its creation. While acknowledging that extended designations of TPS are often the result of long-running international crises, the paper argues that extended TPS designations are problematic for two reasons. First, they run contrary to congressional intent, which was to create a temporary safe haven for individuals unable to return home due to emergency situations. Second, continued grants of TPS status effectively lock TPS beneficiaries into a "legal limbo," rendering them unable to fully integrate into life in the United States. This paper considers several administrative and legislative "fixes" to align the TPS program with the goal of providing temporary protection to certain individuals that do not meet the refugee definition, while also ensuring that long-term immigrants in the United States are fully able to integrate into the fabric of the country. It considers: • Amending the US definition of a "refugee" to enable more would-be TPS beneficiaries to qualify for asylum; • Creating a new form of subsidiary protection for individuals who cannot return home but do not meet the refugee definition; • Permitting TPS holders who have resided in the United States for a certain number of years to adjust to lawful permanent resident (LPR) status; • Easing the ability of TPS holders to take advantage of existing pathways to permanent residence; and • Implementing repatriation programs to assist former TPS holders in returning to their countries of origin. This paper argues for the adoption of two of the above proposals. It asserts that the best way to realign the TPS statutory regime with congressional intent and the United States' tradition of promoting full integration of long-term immigrants is to allow persons who have held TPS status for more than ten years to adjust to LPR status, while implementing a repatriation program for those with shorter-term grants of TPS that have ended.

Abstract Background Under the current healthcare system in China, there is no government-sponsored health insurance program for children. Children from families who move from rural and interior regions to large urban centres without a valid residency permit might be at higher risk of being uninsured due to their low socioeconomic status. We conducted a survey in Shanghai to describe children's health insurance coverage according to their migration status. Method Between 2005 and 2006, we conducted an in-person health survey of the adult care-givers of children aged 7 and under, residing in five districts of Shanghai. We compared uninsurance rates between temporary and permanent child residents, and investigated factors associated with child health uninsurance. Results Even though cooperative insurance eligibility has been extended to temporary residents of Shanghai, the uninsurance rate was significantly higher among temporary (65.6%) than permanent child residents (21.1%, adjusted odds ratio (OR): 5.85, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 4.62–7.41). For both groups, family income was associated with having child health insurance; children in lower income families were more likely to be uninsured (OR: 1.96, 95% CI: 1.40–2.96). Conclusion Children must rely on their parents to make the insurance purchase decision, which is constrained by their income and the perceived benefits of the insurance program. Children from migrant families are at even higher risk for uninsurance due to their lower socioeconomic status. Government initiatives specifically targeting temporary residents and providing health insurance benefits for their children are urgently needed.

AbstractIn recent years, Canada has been not only welcoming growing numbers of temporary foreign workers (TFWs), but also, increasingly, creating pathways that allow workers and their families to become permanent residents. In this paper, we use a series of unique longitudinal files to study the factors that predict a TFW's transition to permanence. We find that age, sex, skill level and duration as a temporary resident are all important factors for understanding who obtains legal residency in Canada, but that source country wealth is not. We discuss the implications of our findings and make suggestions for future research.