Suchergebnisse

This article tests the hypothesis that member states of the EU have been experiencing a declining share of labour income due to technological advance. It discusses factors that lead to the fall in the labour share, including technological advance, which is a tendency found in the capitalist system. We also identify the undesirable effects of a fall in the labour shares. The results of an econometric test conducted in our study, based on a labour demand equation that was derived from the CES production function, confirm the hypothesis that technological progress negatively affected the labour share of income, everything else remaining constant. This finding has important implications for EU Member States, namely that some form of policy intervention would seem to be necessary, as technological progress could lead to a continuing fall in the share of labour income if left to its own devices. ; peer-reviewed

We analyze the role of innovation in the technological development of four new EU members: the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. For that purpose, we use a novel approach by modeling the empirical relationship between intra-industrial bilateral trade flows, which proxy the level of technological progress, and innovation expenditures within the context of a gravity model with a set of appropriate instrumental variables to account for the potential endogeneity of innovation to trade. We show that innovation efforts in high-tech industries exhibit a strong effect on the technological progress of the region and they are closely linked to foreign direct investment and multinationals. As foreign-owned subsidiaries become a part of the innovation systems and industrial structure of the host country they promote overall technological growth in the region. ; N/A

We analyze the role of innovation in the technological development of four new EU members: the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. For that purpose, we use a novel approach by modeling the empirical relationship between intra-industrial bilateral trade flows, which proxy the level of technological progress, and innovation expenditures within the context of a gravity model with a set of appropriate instrumental variables to account for the potential endogeneity of innovation to trade. We show that innovation efforts in high-tech industries exhibit a strong effect on the technological progress of the region and they are closely linked to foreign direct investment and multinationals. As foreign-owned subsidiaries become a part of the innovation systems and industrial structure of the host country they promote overall technological growth in the region.

Purpose: The overarching aim of this article is to divide EU countries into classes characterised by different levels of ecology in the field of air quality using factors in the form of emission levels of harmful substances into the atmosphere. The data included in the study concern the year 2017 and come from OECD STAT. Approach/Methodology/Design: The classification of EU countries was carried out using the cluster analysis method as one from data mining methods. The results confirmed the hypothesis that the European Union countries can be divided into three distinct classes according to the criterion of environmental performance in the area of air quality. Findings: In terms of the conditions considered for the international air quality test, concentration 3 was the best, namely Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Denmark and Finland, Greece, Lithuania, Latvia, Malta,Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden and Hungary. These are the countries that place the least burden on the atmosphere from harmful factors. The countries belonging to cluster 2, namely Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, the Netherlands, Ireland and Luxembourg, have also achieved high levels of harmful agents. It should be clearly indicated that the lowest level of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere was found in cluster 1, and more precisely in France, Spain, Germany, Poland, Italy, the UK and Wolf. Practical Implications: It turns out that the good practices and recommendations of any sustainable development service do not achieve their purpose in comparison with other EU countries. It seems necessary to tighten the ban policy by imposing high fines on the prohibition of the use of all prohibited objects, devices which have a significant impact on the deterioration of air quality. Originality/Value: There are many reports on the market in the scope discussed above, rich literature compilations. The proposed model may contribute to further development in order to implement the proposed breakdown to reflect actual results in a way that does not seem to hide the worst performing countries. ; peer-reviewed

We analyze the role of imitation and innovation in promoting technological progress in new members of European Union: the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. The two modes of technological development-innovation and imitation-are distinguished from one another by identifying the dominant orientation of innovation efforts at the industry level. Specific industry features and the origin, structure and size of foreign direct investments in these countries are utilized for this purpose. The empirical relationship between intra-industrial bilateral trade flows, which proxy the level of technological progress, and innovation expenditures is analyzed using a gravity model. During the estimation stage, we use appropriate instruments to account for the potential endogeneity of innovation to trade. The results reveal the important role of foreign direct investment and multinationals in the technological progress of the region. Specifically, technological progress that is due to innovation is driven mainly by affiliates of foreign firms and multinationals.

Innovation and unemployment are two economic elements related to each other that have been constantly analyzed in the economic debates from the beginning of the 21st century. A classical question is whether innovation creates or destroys jobs. The conventional approach contemplates innovation as a transformation instrument of an economy, resulting in economic growth and jobs creation. Another approach points out to various mechanisms which can compensate the primary effect of innovations and cause an ultimate effect of innovations on labour demand to be unclear. In view of the fact that there are many different explanations about the impact of innovations on labour demand, this paper, after the analysis of theoretical and empirical scientific literature in this field, provides an empirical analysis with unemployment as the dependent variable. The authors use data from 28 European Union countries for the period of 1992–2016 and pursue to research how technological innovations affect unemployment rate. There are two core independent variables – expenditure on R&D (research and development) and number of patent applications – as the main proxies for technological innovations. Control variables that affect unemployment are included to the model as well. The model was estimated using a dynamic two-step System Generalized Method of Moments (GMM-SYS) of a panel data system. After the composition of 12 different estimations of the model, the results suggest that, in some cases, technological innovations affect unemployment.

We analyze the role of imitation and innovation in promoting technological progress in new members of European Union: the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. The two modes of technological development - innovation and imitation - are distinguished from one another by identifying the dominant orientation of innovation efforts at the industry level. Specific industry features and the origin, structure and size of foreign direct investments in these countries are utilized for this purpose. The empirical relationship between intra-industrial bilateral trade flows, which proxy the level of technological progress, and innovation expenditures is analyzed using a gravity model. During the estimation stage, we use appropriate instruments to account for the potential endogeneity of innovation to trade. The results reveal the important role of foreign direct investment and multinationals in the technological progress of the region. Specifically, technological progress that is due to innovation is driven mainly by affiliates of foreign firms and multinationals.

Innovation and unemployment are two economic elements related to each other that have been constantly analyzed in the economic debates from the beginning of the 21st century. A classical question is whether innovation creates or destroys jobs. The conventional approach contemplates innovation as a transformation instrument of an economy, resulting in economic growth and jobs creation. Another approach points out to various mechanisms which can compensate the primary effect of innovations and cause an ultimate effect of innovations on labour demand to be unclear. In view of the fact that there are many different explanations about the impact of innovations on labour demand, this paper, after the analysis of theoretical and empirical scientific literature in this field, provides an empirical analysis with unemployment as the dependent variable. The authors use data from 28 European Union countries for the period of 1992–2016 and pursue to research how technological innovations affect unemployment rate. There are two core independent variables – expenditure on R&D (research and development) and number of patent applications – as the main proxies for technological innovations. Control variables that affect unemployment are included to the model as well. The model was estimated using a dynamic two-step System Generalized Method of Moments (GMM-SYS) of a panel data system. After the composition of 12 different estimations of the model, the results suggest that, in some cases, technological innovations affect unemployment ; Ekonomikos katedra ; Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas

This paper discusses the issue of the patterns of technological accumulation in selected Euro-pean Union countries. Using the WIPO Technology Concordance Table and the index of rela-tive comparative advantage (Balassa's Revealed Comparative Advantage), it seeks to answer the question about the directions and dynamics of technological change in selected EU countries. The main objectives of the research are the identification of relative technological advantages in individual countries and an assessment of the diversification of comparative technological advantages. The principal findings of the analysis are (1) technological advantages (and com-petences) are relatively stable over time, and (2) technology leaders rarely change.

A poster presentation regarding the evolvement of European Union regulations on innovative medicines. Introduction: Innovative medicines in the European Union (EU) must follow regulatory requirements appertaining to the centralised procedure for registration. The study of the evolvement of European regulations on centrally authorised products could shed light on the impact of the regulations on the access to innovative medicines. Aims: To study the impact of the evolvement of European regulations on centrally authorised products (CAPs) on the access to innovative medicines. ; N/A

Purpose: The aim of the article is to present the results of research on the relationship between the Eco-innovation and the level of the economic development. The aim of the research was to confirm the hypothesis that countries with a higher level of economic development are also characterized by a higher level of eco-innovation. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study was prepared on the basis of data on the Euro-pean Union, due to the large role that this organization attaches to this issue. For this pur-pose, the correlation of the GDP per capita in constant price with the index Eco-IS was ex-amined. Due to the nature of the data and their distribution, it was decided to use the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Findings: The analysis confirmed largely the hypothesis of a relatively large correlation of GDP and Eco-IS, but it was expected that this correlation would be higher. In addition, it was not expected that in recent years there would be a downward trend. Practical Implications: The development of eco-innovation is a necessary 'tool' to perma-nently reduce human pressure on the environment and efficient use of natural resources. Increasingly literature emphasizes the role of eco-innovation as one of the basic factors of sustainable development. It seems that economic development should entail greater concern for the environment and the development of eco-innovation. Originality/Value: There are no analyses indicating a link between the level of the eco-innovation and the level of the economic development. This study contributes to further research on this issue. ; peer-reviewed

The paper tests the hypothesis that member states of the European Union have been experiencing declining share of labour income due to technological advance. In the literature, this decline is associated with inequality in the distribution of income, reduction in aggregate demand, and threats to social cohesion. In this paper, the results of an econometric test based on a labour demand equation derived from the CES production function, confirms the hypothesis that technological progress negatively affected the labour share of income in the EU, everything else remaining constant. This finding has important implications for EU Member States, including that some form of policy intervention would seem to be necessary, as left to its own devices, the capitalist system, which has brought about technological progress, could lead to a continuing fall in the share of labour income. ; peer-reviewed

Purpose: In June 2018, the European Union ("EU") decided to use missions as tools of innovation policy in accordance with the market-shaping, mission-oriented innovation policy approach. It stemmed from the EU's efforts to improve the efficiency of innovation policy when it comes to handling major social challenges. In the first quarter of 2020, the EU had to unexpectedly face another social challenge, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the economic and social crisis that followed. This article analyses the actions undertaken by the EU at the supranational level within its innovation policy in relation to the COVID-19 crisis. It also aims to assess the coherence of the EU's interventions with the mission-oriented innovation policy approach implemented and promoted by the EU. Design/Methodology/Approach: The research is descriptive and analytical in nature. First, it covers a case study of the EU's supranational innovation policy. Second, it searches, on a theoretical level, for the reasons of discrepancies between the market-shaping and mission-oriented policy approach promoted by the EU and the interventions that the EU in fact conducts in relation to the COVID-19 crisis. Findings: The results of the research point to certain incoherence in the EU's innovation policy when tackling major policy platforms. On one hand, the EU implements and promotes a mission-oriented policy as a more efficient way of solving major social challenges. On the other hand, its actions (and plans) hardly consider the application of an innovation policy mission as a means for fighting the most recent and crucial challenge, namely the COVID-19 crisis. Originality/Value: This is the first study to point out the incoherence that currently characterise the EU's innovation policy on the supranational level. ; peer-reviewed