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The use of decentralised, sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) for the treatment of stormwater runoff is becoming increasingly prevalent in Germany. Decentralised SUDS can offer a viable and attractive alternative to end of pipe treatmentsystems for stormwater runoff from urban areas. However, there is still some uncertainty regarding the long-term performance of SUDS, and the general legislative requirements for SUDS approval and testing. Whilst the allowable pollution levels in stormwater runoff that infiltrate into ground and/or water table are regulated across Germany by the Federal Soil Protection Law, there is presently no federal law addressing the discharge requirements for surface water runoff. The lack of clear guidance can make it difficult for planners and designers to implement these innovative and sustainable stormwater treatment systems. This study clarifies the current understanding of urban stormwater treatment requirements and new technical approval guidelines for decentralised SUDS devices in Germany. The study findings should assist researchers, designers and asset managers to better anticipate and understand the performance, effective life-spans, and the planning and maintenance requirements for decentralised SUDS systems. This should help promote even greater use of these systems in the future.

The use of decentralised, sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) for the treatment of stormwater runoff is becoming increasingly prevalent in Germany. Decentralised SUDS can offer a viable and attractive alternative to end of pipe treatment systems for stormwater runoff from urban areas. However, there is still some uncertainty regarding the long-term performance of SUDS, and the general legislative requirements for SUDS approval and testing. Whilst the allowable pollution levels in stormwater runoff that infiltrate into ground and/or water table are regulated across Germany by the Federal Soil Protection Law, there is presently no federal law addressing the discharge requirements for surface water runoff. The lack of clear guidance can make it difficult for planners and designers to implement these innovative and sustainable stormwater treatment systems. This study clarifies the current understanding of urban stormwater treatment requirements and new technical approval guidelines for decentralised SUDS devices in Germany. The study findings should assist researchers, designers and asset managers to better anticipate and understand the performance, effective life-spans, and the planning and maintenance requirements for decentralised SUDS systems. This should help promote even greater use of these systems in the future.

The use of decentralised, sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) for the treatment of stormwater runoff is becoming increasingly prevalent in Germany. Decentralised SUDS can offer a viable and attractive alternative to end of pipe treatment systems for stormwater runoff from urban areas. However, there is still some uncertainty regarding the long-term performance of SUDS, and the general legislative requirements for SUDS approval and testing. Whilst the allowable pollution levels in stormwater runoff that infiltrate into ground and/or water table are regulated across Germany by the Federal Soil Protection Law, there is presently no federal law addressing the discharge requirements for surface water runoff. The lack of clear guidance can make it difficult for planners and designers to implement these innovative and sustainable stormwater treatment systems. This study clarifies the current understanding of urban stormwater treatment requirements and new technical approval guidelines for decentralised SUDS devices in Germany. The study findings should assist researchers, designers and asset managers to better anticipate and understand the performance, effective life-spans, and the planning and maintenance requirements for decentralised SUDS systems. This should help promote even greater use of these systems in the future.

Every year the UEAtc (Union Européenne pour l'Agrément technique dans la construction / European Union of Agrément), which was founded in 1960 and will therefore be celebrating its 50th anniversary next year, convenes the directors of its member institutes, each representing its home country, to a meeting of the Co-ordination Commission. This Commission discusses national circumstances and the interaction among the activities conducted by the respective Institutes (countries) in connection with the assessment of construction industry innovations, particularly innovative products, procedure called in Spanish, Documento de Idoneidad Técnica (in other languages: Agrément, Avis technique and so on). As it is for other of life's activities, so it is with technical approvals, that at times we pay little heed to the fact that they take place in a context marked by relevant historic events occurring during our careers, which are significantly affected by these situations in one way or another. This is what underlies the present constructive and optimistic reflection, a simple and subjective exercise with some sense of humour that lists some of the yearly highlights coetaneous with other more technical events related to technical approvals. This discussion concludes with the annual summary of activities in 2008 submitted to the March 2009 meeting of the UEAtc's Co-ordination Commission. The message conveyed is that while on the one hand we must not ignore history and what we have achieved to date, on the other our efforts should not become so self-involved as to lose sight of the relativity of our endeavours. ; Anualmente la UEAtc (Union Européenne pour l'Agrément technique dans la construction / Unión Europea para la Idoneidad Técnica en Construcción), creada en 1960, y que por tanto celebrará su 50 aniversario el próximo año, reúne a los Directores de sus 18 Institutos Miembros, representantes, a su vez, de otros tantos países europeos, en la reunión anual denominada: Comisión de Coordinación. En esta Comisión, se ...

14 páginas.-- Resumen de la Memoria presentada a la Comisión de Coordinación nº 55 de la UEAtc.-- Nota técnica. ; [ES] Anualmente la UEAtc (Union Européenne pour l'Agrément technique dans la construction / Unión Europea para la Idoneidad Técnica en Construcción), creada en 1960, y que por tanto celebrará su 50 aniversario el próximo año, reúne a los Directores de sus 18 Institutos Miembros, representantes, a su vez, de otros tantos países europeos, en la reunión anual denominada: Comisión de Coordinación. En esta Comisión, se discuten las situaciones nacionales y las interacciones entre las actividades de cada Instituto (País), para la evaluación de la innovación en la construcción y particularmente para la referida a los productos de construcción innovadores, en el ámbito del Documento de Idoneidad Técnica (DIT) (en otras lenguas Agrément, Avis Technique, etc.). Como en muchas otras actividades que practicamos en nuestra vida, a veces, no prestamos suficiente atención a que éstas, se desarrollan en un contexto marcado por hechos históricos más o menos relevantes que se suceden paralelos a nuestra actividad profesional, a la que sin duda de una manera u otra afectan significativamente. Es por ello, que se realiza aquí, una reflexión con ánimo constructivo y optimista, un ejercicio simple subjetivo y con alguna dosis de humor, que lista, paralelamente a algunos de los hechos históricos anuales que han ido aconteciendo, aquellos otros, más técnicos, que tienen que ver con el DIT. Exposición que se finaliza con el Resumen Anual (2008), de actividades del DIT, presentado a la última Comisión de Coordinación de la UEAtc. El mensaje es doble: por un lado no deberíamos olvidar la historia y lo que hemos conseguido, y por otro lado, nuestro trabajo no debería abstraerse en sí mismo, hasta el punto de perder de vista la relatividad de lo que hacemos. ; [EN] Every year the UEAtc (Union Européenne pour l'Agrément technique dans la construction / European Union of Agrément), which was founded in 1960 and will therefore be celebrating its 50th anniversary next year, convenes the directors of its member institutes, each representing its home country, to a meeting of the Co-ordination Commission. This Commission discusses national circumstances and the interaction among the activities conducted by the respective Institutes (countries) in connection with the assessment of construction industry innovations, particularly innovative products, procedure called in Spanish, Documento de Idoneidad Técnica (in other languages: Agrément, Avis technique and so on). As it is for other of life's activities, so it is with technical approvals, that at times we pay little heed to the fact that they take place in a context marked by relevant historic events occurring during our careers, which are significantly affected by these situations in one way or another. This is what underlies the present constructive and optimistic reflection, a simple and subjective exercise with some sense of humour that lists some of the yearly highlights coetaneous with other more technical events related to technical approvals. This discussion concludes with the annual summary of activities in 2008 submitted to the March 2009 meeting of the UEAtc's Co-ordination Commission. The message conveyed is that while on the one hand we must not ignore history and what we have achieved to date, on the other our efforts should not become so self-involved as to lose sight of the relativity of our endeavours. ; Peer reviewed

The technical documentation to be drawn up by the maker ought to be introduced in an unmistakable, coordinated, promptly accessible, and unambiguous way. It will remember for specific the components recorded as per Annex II of EU MDR 2017/745. The Air-Way is the way that air follows to get into and out of the lungs. There are a few kinds of Air-way devices are there on the lookout. New items will conceivably further develop patient prosperity altogether however will require sensible administrative control to boost the advantages. The orderly methodology is planned on a central theoretical level that underlies the substantial necessities that could be changed during the years to follow. The current article gives an itemized accentuation on Air-way items and their tech documentation necessities.

Abstract. The need for protection against rockfall has led to the development of different types of technological solutions that are able to both prevent blocks from detaching from rock walls and to control, intercept or deviate the blocks during movement. Of the many devices that are able to intercept and stop a block, one of the most frequently used is net fence. Many different types of full-scale tests have been carried out, with different test site geometries and procedures to study their behaviour and to certify these devices. This has led to a series of data and information that are not easy to compare. The recent endorsement, by the European Organization for Technical Approvals (EOTA), of a European Technical Approval Guideline (ETAG), which defines how to test and assess the performance of a net fence, is therefore a great innovation that will change both the market and the design procedures of these devices. The most important innovations introduced by this new guideline are here presented and discussed and a net fence design procedure for protection against rockfall is provided.

Introduction. The article considers the evolution of the concept of "pacifism" in Soviet sociopolitical thought. The stages in the assessments of pacifism by the Soviet social scientists regarding the peculiarities of the historical development of our country are distinguished. Methods and materials. The historiography of the considered problem is rather limited, as a comprehensive study of assessments of pacifism (in the ideological and terminological dimensions) in Soviet socio-political thought has not been conducted. The source base of the study was, first, scientific works, reference encyclopedic editions, and journalistic materials. The following methods and techniques were used in the work: historical-comparative, semantic-cognitive, and historical-semantic. Analysis. According to the author, in the pre-revolutionary period, pacifism was considered a rather integral ideology that had a moderate character and was focused on liberal values. A great influence on the perception of pacifism by representatives of Soviet socio-political thought was provided by the ideological preferences of Bolshevik theorists and, above all, by Lenin's works, which contained a serious criticism of pacifism as a doctrine alien and hostile to Marxism. Results. Throughout almost the entire Soviet period, one could observe in social and political thought a negative attitude towards pacifism, a careful and conscious non-use of it, as well as its replacement by ideologically more appropriate concepts ("struggle for peace"). A complete reevaluation and intellectual "rehabilitation" of pacifism took place at the turn of the 1980s and 1990s, when, with the ideological pressure coming to an end, the term "pacifism" entered firmly into public and political discourse, including the research discourse.

One clear fact emerging from current public opinion polls is that most Americans have little confidence in both political leaders and the political system. At the time of this writing, the president's approval ratings have slipped to the lowest mark for any president since World War II – just above 25 percent, according to one poll. Members of Congress have hardly been faring better. Throughout 1977, even as the president's popularity began to slide down, approval ratings for Congress never went above 40 percent, ending the year at just above 30 percent. Indeed, all politicians have suffered from severely diminished status in the public eye. In one recent survey on occupational prestige, they were rated next to last among fifteen occupations listed, a step above salesmen and one below skilled workers.

The article examines the state and prospects for the development of trade and economic cooperation between Russia and Brazil. The investment component of bilateral economic relations and military-technical cooperation are considered. Quantitative indicators on the volumes and dynamics of bilateral foreign trade turnover, the structure of trade operations are given. The emphasis is placed on the strategic partnership and technological alliance of the two countries declared at the interstate level. The reasons hindering the development of bilateral cooperation are analyzed. The areas where cooperation would contribute to the creation of technological alliances are highlighted. The peculiarities of Brazil`s foreign trade policy are studied, including in relation to Russian products imported by the country. In comparative terms, the main economic indicators of the two countries are given. In conclusion, the views aimed at strengthening and expanding Russian-Brazilian economic relations are expressed. The relevance of the topic is due to the approved in 2018 the national project «International cooperation and Export», aimed at increasing Russian non-primary non-energy exports.